Protozoology Flashcards
Trypanosoma spp. having undulating membrane?
- T. brucei brucei, T. congolense.
- T. vivax- inconspicuous undulating membrane.
Stages of Trypanosoma spp. having undulating membrane:
Trypomastigote, Epimastigote.
Which trypanosome stage is IC?
Amastigote.
Which has flagellum, but ø undulating membrane?
Promastigote.
Which does ø have flagellum?
Amastigote.
Which phenotype of trypanosomes has kinetoplast ant. next to nucleus +also provided with short undulating membrane?
Epimastigote.
Which cells do Trypanosomes invade?
WBCs, macrophages.
Trypanosoma found in old + new world?
T. vivax.
For how long does Trypanosoma have?
Many years.
Salivaria vs. Stercocaira; which occur in South America?
Both.
What is the size range of trypanosomes?
8 - 39 µm.
Name of cutaneous inflammation after an infection/ infiltration with Trypanosoma.
Chancre.
Nagana caused by:
Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense, T.brucei.
Spp ø effected by Nagana:
Wild animals + certain breeds of cattle.
Which is the largest among causative agents of Nagana?
T. brucei brucei.
Which region of Africa does the acute, more rapid form of sleeping sickness ( T. rhodensiense) occur?
Eastern.
Trypanosoma evansi causes:
Mal de caderas/ Surra.
Surra is found where in the world ?
North Africa, Asia, Central + South America.
The vector of T. brucei evansi plays a role as:
Mechanical vector.
Mal de Caderas symptoms:
Oedema of limbs.
Which animal has asymptomatic T. brucei evansi infection:
Cattle, H2O Sus.
Trypanosoma cruzi causes:
Chagas disease.
The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs?
- In mesenchymal cells.
How can dogs be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?
Eating bugs.
Which phenotype is ø characteristic of Trypanosoma cruzi?
Promastigote.
What is ø caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
Megalomania.
Which has the biggest kinetoplast/ soma from 4 Trypanosoma?
T. cruzi.
How can the kissing bugs inoculate Trypanosoma cruzi in a host?
With their faeces.
Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum causes:
Dourine.
Which trypanosoma sp. causes asymptomatic infection in dogs?
T. equiperdum.
Which sp. does causative agent of Dourine belong to?
T. brucei.
In scientific terms, what is a dollar spot?
Uritricia.
Which ocular problem does Dourine ø cause?
Nystagmus, lachrymation, mydriasis.
Dourine has been found where in EU in last 10 yrs?
Italy.
What is the main sign seen towards the end of Dourine?
- Paralysis, mainly in HL.
- Genitals, skin, n.
Which of the following is detected by Giemsa staining of blood smear?
Theileria, Trypanosoma.
What type of biological vector does Salivaria- type Trypanosoma have?
- Biological: Glossina ssp. ( Tsetse flies).
- Mechanical: Stomoxys + tabanus spp ( blood sucking flies).
Which phenotype/form is possible for the pathogenesis of Leishmania?
Amastigote.
Leishmania develops from:
Amastigote.
Incubation period of Leishmania?
Several years.
Leishmaniosis vector is:
Sandfly ( Phleobotomus).
How can host be infected by Leishmania?
Female Sandfly, Vector disease, via biting.
Leishmania transmission can be:
Vector borne, Sandfly.
What is/ are characteristic of pathogenesis of Leishmaniosis?
- MPS killing amastigotes.
- Hyper- globulinemia.
Symptoms of Leishmania?
- Cutaneous form- Hair loss, hyper- keratosis, desquamation, seborrhoea, small papules, ulcers, crusts, excessive long clawa.
- Visceral form- Lymph nodes spleen + liver enlarge, fever, anaemia, emaciation, m. atrophy, ataxia, somnelence, lethargy, anorexia, vomit, diarrhoea, cachexia, PU, PD, ocular signs, rhinitis, coughing, epistaxis, melena.
Cause of death in Leishmania?
Renal insufficiency/ failure ( kidney insufficiency).
Which country lacks autochthonous cases ( indigenous, native) of Leishmaniosis?
Germany.
What is the approximate size of Giardia:
- Trophozoite 11- 17 µm.
- Cyst 10- 20 µm.
How do humans get giardia?
Swimming, contaminated drinking H2O, washing food with contaminated H2O, surfaces.
How do chickens get Giardiasis?
Infection/os, Infected H2O, H20- borne infection.
How Giardia infects?
Via contaminated H2O, food, surfaces, coprophagy.
Where can we find Giardia extra- intestinally?
Bile + pancreatic ducts.
Giardia cyst location?
Environment ( infectious form).
Giardia trophozoite location?
- Host ( vegetative form).
- In intestine, bile duct, pancreatic duct.
Which Giardia duodenalis occurs in dog?
Genotypes A- D.
Difference between Trichomonas + Tritrichomonas?
- Trichomonas 4 flagella, Birds.
- Tritrichomonas 3 flagella, Cattle.
If the following are present, more susceptible to Trichomonas.
Vit A deficiency.
How do pigeons acquire Trichomonas?
- Young pigeons ( squabs)- Via feeding of regurgitated feed content.
- Pigeons- Via kissing/ from contaminated drinking H2O.
General feature of Trichomonas in pigeons?
Penguin- like posture.
birds stand upright with head high + neck straight
What is the characteristic lesion in hepatic form of pigeon Trichomonosis?
Pea- size necrosis.
What is/ are the worst consequences in Trichomonosis in Cows?
- Early abortion ( 1st trimester, before 4th mnth)- Early abortion in 6- 16th week via absorption elimination.
- Pyometra- Grey- white, odourless fluid swarming with Trichomonas.
Age when bulls are susceptible to Trichomonas spp:
> 3 years.
How does Trichomonas gallinae reach the liver in birds?
From navel.
Geographical region with Tritrichomonas problems?
Certain states of America.
How does Tritrichomonas foetus live in genital tract?
Epi- cellularly.
Which can be found in earthworms?
Histomonas meleagridis, Heterakis earthworm as a transport host.
Predisposing factor of Histomonosis:
Turkeys kept together with chickens.
asymptomatic carriers, frequently Heterakis infected
Characteristics of Histomonosis disease in birds?
- Cyanosis of head ( blueish colour).
- + weakness, dropping of wings, drowsiness, yellow diarrhoea, death within days.
Which clinical sign is ø characteristic of turkey Histomonosis?
Head cyanosis.
Which of the following is/ are characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites?
Eccentric endosome, Phagocytised RBCs.
What causes anosmia ( loss of smell)?
Entamoeba histolytica.
Entamoeba attacks:
RBCs.
Where does the skin abscess of Entamoeba come from?
- Skin: Erythema, alopecia, hyper- keratosis ( desquamation).
Acanthamoebosis
Free- living, soil inhabitant, opportunistic amoebae.
What is chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis ( GAE) in humans caused by?
Acanthamoeba castellani.
How can a dog become infected with Acanthamoeba castellani?
- Contact with still H2O, through skin lesion.
- Or with distemper.
What is the form of Naegleria fowleri does ø have?
Provided with 1 flagellum.
What is the acute 1º amoebic meningoencephalitis ( PAM) in humans caused by?
Naegleria fowleri.
What is true for infection with Amoeba?
Large nucleus + cyst.
Specific for opportunist amoebas?
Big nucleus.
Detection of Klossiella:
- Sporocysts- urine : Na hydrogencarbonate, Centrifuge, Examine sediment.
- Sporoblasts- Basophil staining, bilaminar membrane projections on surface.
What belongs to Alveolata ( meaning ‘ with cavities’, grp of protists)?
Apicomplexa, Ciliophora.
Where does the merozoite develop?
Inside Schizont.
Which statement is ø true for the development of Eimeria sp.?
Schizogony occurs in gametogony.
Pre- disposing factors to Eimeria:
6
Young age, intensive ( crowded, accelerated keeping), insufficient nutrition ( lack of vit., protein in feed), litter ( deep), neglected hygienic measures, inter- current infections.
Which Eimeria occurs extra- intestinally?
- E. ninakohyakimovae in goats’ lymph nodes + gall bladder.
- E danoilovi in ducks, lesions in cerebellum.
Difference between Isospora + Eimeria spp.?
Only Eimeria has cap, micropyle + residual bodies.
Different Eimeria spp. asking for most pathogenic stage:
- E. tenella 2nd Schizont.
- E. necatrix 2nd Schizogony.
- E. brunetti 2nd Schizogony, 3rd Gametogony.
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic lesions in small intestine of chicken?
3 ( E. necatrix + maxima, brunetti).
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrahgic/ fibrinous lesions in caeca?
2 ( E. tenella + brunetti).
Which Eimeria in small intestine does ø cause haemorrhages?
E. acervulina + E. mitis.
What Eimeria spp in chicken is:
- Highly pathogenic:
- Moderately pathogenic:
- Less pathogenic:
- E. tenella + necatrix.
- E maxima.
- E acervulina + mitis.
Which Eimeria causes ladder- like white bands?
E. acervulina.
Eimeria acervulina location:
Duodenum.
Which Eimeria spp is complimentary to E. acervulina?
E. mitis.
Location of Eimeria spp tenella:
- Caecum.
- Epithelial cells- Lymphocytes- macrophages- crypt epi.
Which is/ are the most pathogenic stage (s) of E. tenella?
2nd Schizont.
Location of E. maxima?
Jejunum.
Which Eimeria sp/ spp. cause(s) typically coagulation necrosis?
E. brunetti.
Which Eimeria sp/ spp have 6- 7 days PreP period?
E. tenella + necatrix.
Which is most probably ø found in chicken?
E. duodenalis + flavescens.
ø neurological symptoms?
Eimeria of turkey.
Which Eimeria sp does ø occur behind the small intestine?
E. meleagridis.
Which turkey coccidium is at most forward?
E. meleagrimitis.
The most pathogenic turkey coccidium?
E. adenoiedes + gallopavonis + meleagrimitis
Which one is ø found in turkey?
E. duodenalis ( Pheasant).
What is the characteristic colour of necrotic debris during E. adenoeides coccidiosis?
White.
Which one causes catarrhal haemorrhagic inflammaton in Pheasant?
E. colchici.
Coccidiosis of pigeon?
E. labbeana + columbarum.
Where does Eimeria labbeana + columbarum develop?
Pigeon, middle of small intestine.
Coccidiosis of Goose- Intestinal.
E. anseris + nocens + kotlani.
Coccidiosis of Goose- Renal.
E. truncata.
Which coccidia has 4 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites in each?
Wenyonella phuliplevinei ( coccidiosis of duck).
How many Eimeria spp. does ø cause haemorrhages in small intestine? (Duck).
1 (E. anatis).
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhages in small intestine? (Duck).
3 ( Tyzzeria perniciosia, E. danailovi, Wenyonella philiplevinei).
Coccidiosis of Eq.
E. leuckarti- small intestine.
What characteristic lesion of Eq coccidiosis in small intestine?
Catarrhal- inflammatory changes.
What type of oocyst is E. leuckarti?
80 µm, piriform, ( thick, dark brown wall + large micropyle).
Coccidiosis of cattle.
E. zuernii + bovis + ellipsoidalis + alabamensis + auburnensis.
Which Eimeria spp is highly pathogenic in cattle?
E. zuernii + bovis.
Which E spp may have a high pathogenicity similar to E. zuernii?
E. alabamensis.
According to notes it’s E. bovis.
Coccidiosis of Sheep.
E. ovinoidalis.
Coccidiosis of Goat.
E ninakohlyakimovae.
E. ovinoidalis of Sheep and what it causes in the intestines:
Diffuse hyper- plasia + thickening of wall of caecum, with necrosis, roughness + small haemorrhages on mucosal surface.
Coccidiosis of Rabbit- Liver:
E. stiedai.
Which of the highly pathogenic E sp is in R location?
E. flavescens inc aecum.
Which of the following is correct?
E. irresidua- Jejunum.
Rabbit coccidiosis difference:
- Small intestine- x3 - E intestinalis - E.magna, E irresidua.
- Large intestine- x2- E. flavescens, E. piriformis.
Coccidiosis of Sus.
- E. deblicki, E. polita, E. scabra, E. spinosa ( no- pathogenic).
- Isospora suis ( pathogenic).
What is ø characteristic during Sus coccidiosis?
Haemorrhagic enteritis.
Where are the lesions caused by Isospora suis mostly situated?
Jejunum.
Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 2 sporocysts?
Isospora.
Coccidiosis of Dog.
Isospora canis + ohioensis + burrowsi.
Coccidiosis of Cat.
Isospora felis + rivolta.
Difference between Neospora + Isospora?
- Isospora do ø have micropyle in wall.
- Isospora oocysts do ø have residual/ stieda body.
If E. oocysts are recognised in dog faeces, then:
Belong to dogs as hosts, ø pathological significance; Pseudoparasites.
Dog coccidiosis:
Host specific, homoxenous parasites ( + paratenic host).
Locations of Cryptosporidium spp:
C. parvum
C. muris
C. andersoni
- Small intestine ( ileum)- Ru, rodents, humans.
- Abomasum/ stomach- rodents, rabbits, Ru, car, humans.
- Abomasum/ stomach, Ru, humans.
Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 4 free sporozoites?
Cryptosporidium.
Which genus has sporulated oocysts without sporocysts?
Cryptosporidium.
Size of Cryptosporidiosis oocyst?
5- 8 µm.
What are the characteristics of Cryptosporidium baileyi oocysts?
6 - 7 µm, oval.
Cryptosporidium infection:
/os, with H2O ( H2O- borne), aerogen via coughing, dust, spray.
Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in mammals?
C. parvum.
C. parvum more likely in:
Immunocompromised animals( opportunism), Giardia ( concurrent infection).
Cryptosporidium andersoni in:
Gastric gl of Bo abomasum, Older calves.
Which Cryptosporidium sp./ spp. occur (s) frequently in post- weaned/ older calves?
C. bovis + ryanae + andersoni.
Which is ø characteristic of Avian cryptosporidiosis?
Hepatic.
Crypstosporidium baileyi ø in:
True: in chicken.
…
In which location will cryptosporidium baileyi ø establish?
Stomach.
Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in broilers?
Respiratory form.
In which host does Toxoplasmosis play a large role in abortion?
Sheep.
Hammondia Hammondii is similar to:
Toxoplasma gondii.
Which are the routes of infection of Toxoplasma?
Oral, galactogenic, Transplacental, parenteral.
What kind of meat do humans get Toxoplasma from?
- Venison, lamb, pork.
- Undercooked meat.
How do humans get Toxoplasma?
Soil work, unwashed vegetables, oocyst in H2O, contact with cats.
What are potential consequences of Neosporosis in dogs?
- Poly- radiculo- neuritis ( ascending form of HL paralysis).
- Dysphagia.
- Dermatitis.
When does Neospora caninum cause abortion?
Cows- abortion between 3rd- 7th mnth of gestation.( early foetal death may entail resorption, later mummification, autolysis).
What is the characteristic gestation period of Neosporosis related abortion in cows? ( IH).
4- 6 mnths.
Neospora hughesi causes:
Eq protozoal myelencephalitis (EPM).
Who does Hammondiosis affect?
- Final Host ( Car)- Dog, fox, coyote, cat.
- IH- Ru, guinea pigs, mice, deer dogs.
Clinical signs of Hammondia spp:
- H. hammondi, IH- Depression, anorexia, myocarditis, death in mouse, rat.
- H. heydorni ø clinical signs.
Hammondiosis causes symptoms in what?
Cat, dog.
Which sp. contain Hammondi cysts?
Cats only, via faeces.
Which sp is related to pathological signs in Hammondia?
Mouse- Depression, anorexia, myositis, myocarditis, death.
Besnoitia sp. are:
Obligatory heteroxenous.
Size of besnoitia cyst:
3 - 800 µm, visible to naked eye.
What is the direction of spreading Bo Besnoitiosis in Europe?
South- west to east.
Besnoitia vector:
Tabanus, stomoxys.
Where does Besnoitia cyst occur?
Sclera, respiratory m., genital mucosa.
Which domestic animals have zoonotic Sarcocystis sp./ spp?
Sus, cattle.
Ru Sarcocystiosis pathogenesis:
Dalmeny disease- General haemorrhages diathesis ( petechial + diffuse).
Haemogregarines characteristics:
Micro- + macro- gamonts develop next to each other.
In Klossiella there is:
- Free sporocyst to discharge via urine.
- Sporocyst with 10 - 15 sporozoites in it.
Which animal is pathogenically affected by Klosseliosis?
Eq + Mouse.
Hepatozoon host:
Dog, fox, jackal, (cat).
True for hepatozoon:
- Oocyst develops in ticks.
- Biological vectors- hard ticks mainly Rhipicephalus, R. turanicus, Amblyomma maculatum.
Hepatozoon americanum develops in which tissue?
In m. ( myocardium).
Specific for Hepatozoon americanum:
Schizonts with multi- lamellar wall ( onion- like).
What is the last development stage in Hepatozoon canis of dog?
Gamont.
Location of Hepatozoon canis:
Neu granulocytes.
What is characteristic of Hepatozoon canis oocysts?
Very large, visible to naked eye.
Which infective form in tick of Hepatozoon canis?
Oocyst.
How can canine Hepatozoonosis be diagnosed?
Finding gamonts in blood.
Haemosporinids?
- Heteroxenous parasites.
- Fertilized zygote is motile.
- ø sporocyst, conoid.
Which malaria is crescent shaped?
Malaria falciparum gametocytes.
Which stage is missing in Plasmodium?
ø syzygium nor sporocyst.
What cells are infected with Plasmodium?
MPS, RBC, ly, liver.
In Plasmodium sp., where does the primer exo- erythrocytic schizogony take place?
- Mammals- liver parenchymal cells.
- Birds- MPS of skin.
Followed by endo- erythrocytic merogony in:
RBCs, within PV, continuing repeatedly + synchronising.
Which Plasmodium causes the appearance of Schüffner dots in RBC?
P. ovale + P. vivax.
Which Plasmodium sp. is ø pathogenic to humans?
P. simium.
What is the most important biological vector of Plasmodium gallinaceum ( chicken)?
- Culex/ Aedes mosquitoes- Birds.
- Anopheles mosquitoes- Mammals.
Which isn’t a characteristic of Haemoproteosis?
Lung emphysema.
Where does Haemoproetus develop?
In vector for 1- 2 weeks.
Vectors of Haemoproteus spp?
- Biological vectors.
> Forest flies ( Hippoboscidae spp.).
> Biting midges ( Culicoides spp.).
Where does the 1st schizogony of Haemoproteus spp. take place?
In endothelial cells.
Haemoproteus can be detected:
Pigmented gamonts in RBCs.
Which is correct for Haemoproteus?
- Sausage- shaped gamont inside RBCs.
- Sausage- like in RBCs next to nucleus.
Which Leucocytozoon sp. occurs in chicken?
L. caulleryi.
Which are the vectors of Leucocytozoon sp.?
- Biological vectors.
> Blackflies ( Simulidae).
> Biting midges ( Culicoides spp.).
Leucocytozoon 1st schizogony takes place where?
In liver parenchymal cells.
Which is absent from the lifecycle of Leucocytozoon sp.?
Sporokinete.
Which is the location of Leucocyotzoon sp. don’t usually cause any haemorrhage, necrosis?
MM.
Which is the location of Leucocyotzoon sp. usually cause haemorrhage, necrosis?
Lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, ovary, oviduct + m.
Piroplasmosis characteristics:
- Heteroxenous parasite.
- ø oocyst, conoid.
Breed predisposition to Babesia in dogs:
Spaniel.
Transmission of Babesia
Via ticks.
Which ticks are vector of large Babesia spp?
- Eq: Dermacentor marginatus.
- Bo: Boophilus spp + Haemaphysalis punctuata.
- Car: Dermacentor reticularis.
Babesia canis transmittes by Ixodes ricinus + Dermacentor reticulatus?
False.
Mode of Babesia transmission:
Trans- ovarial ( F), Trans- stadial, Intra- stadial ( M).
Which is the vector of zoonotic European Babesiosis?
Dermacentor reticularis.
Can humans get Babesia from dogs?
False.
Babesia incubation period:
4 - 21 days.
Form of Theileria that occurs in RBCs?
Piroplasm.
What is ø characteristic of Eq Theileriosis?
ø see neurological signs.
Which is ø in South America?
Theileria parva( East Africa) + B. microti( North America, Europe).
Which Theileria sp. is./ are pathogenic?
T. equi, T. parva, T. lawrencei, T. annulata, T. hirei.
1st schizogony of Cytauxzoon felis occurs in:
MPS cells ( RES, mostly macrophages).
Vectors of Cytauxzoonosis?
Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum.
Which genus does the vector of Cytauxzoon felis belong to?
Amblyomma.
What is 1ºly responsible for pathogenic effect of Cytauxzoon felis?
Occlusion of BV by schizonts.
Balantidium coli:
- Vegetative form 50 - 150 µm ( ovoid, vestibulum, cytostome).
- Cyst 40 - 60 µm ( spherical, thick walled).
What is Blastocytosis similar to?
Cryptosporidium genus.
How does Blastocysta infect?
Faecal-route or waterborne.
What is the smallest in Blastocysta?
Cyst ( 3- 6 µm).
Into which larger taxonomical category do Blastocystis spp. belong to?
Stramenophila protist.
Which is in Alveolate grp?
Grp of protists.
Alveolata is related to:
Apicomplexan parasites.
Microspora:
- Homoxenous, obligatory IC parasites ( ø mitochondria).`
- In spore: 1 polar body, spiral duct + sproplasm.
- Genera: Encephalitozoon, Enterocytozoon (hu), Nosema ( bee).
What is the approximate size of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores?
2µm.
In what can Encephalitozoon spores be found?
Urine, Renal tubular cells, kidney, Brain.
Staining Encephalitozoon cuniculi:
Ziehl Nielsen, India ink.
It is more a fox symptom than a dog in case of Encephalitozoonosis:
Thickened arterial wall, smaller diameter.
Which clinical sign is ø characteristic of Encephalitozoonosis?
Post. paralysis.
What is characteristic effect of pathology of Encephalitozoonosis?
Chronic interstitial nephritis.
How can infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi be acquired?
Prenatally.
Representatives of which orders are 1ºly affected by Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Lagomorpha, Carnivora.
