Helmintology Flashcards
Nowadays we have started to use Praziquantel in Eq deworming. Why is that?
Amitraz ø useful.
Parasites effecting the Cow’s eye:
Thelaziosis, Onchocercosis.
Eye disease in grazing Eq via nematodes:
- L3 of Draschia megastoma.
- Adults of Thelazia lacrymalis.
- Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis.
- Microfilariae of Setaria equine.
Skin surface migration in humans called:
Cutaneous larva migrans
They belong to the phylum of Flatworms:
Trematodes ( flukes) + Cestodes ( tapeworms).
Which is ø related to others?
Cercaria.
Development phases of Flukes:
- 5 stages.
- Egg- MI- SPO- RE- CE.
Which developmental form comes after Miracidium?
Sporocyst.
This larval stage follows the Redia stage:
Cercaria.
Larva leaving IH?
Cercaria.
What occurs after Metacercariae?
Adult.
Can occur in the environment:
Metacercariae.
Which flukes don’t occur in intestines?
F. hepatica, D. dentriticum, Paramphistomum spp.
Trematode ( Flukes) egg can be detected via:
FEC.
What is ø effective against flukes?
Ivermectin.
Liver flukes development?
MI- SPO- RE1- RE2- CE.
Which is the IH of F. hepatica ( common liver fluke)?
Galba truncatula snail.
Hosts of F. hepatica:
Wide Most herbivorous mammals + humans.
This/ These animals has/ have low resistance against F. hepatica:
Rabbit, Sheep, Goat
F.hepatica location:
Bile ducts.
Large American liver fluke:
Fasciola magna.
Which is the IH of large American fluke?
Galba truncatula.
F. magna egg size:
110- 160 µm with zygote.
Deer is the host of which fluke?
F. magna.
Choose the right statement:
F.magna can’t complete it’s life cycle in small Ru.
In which sp. is F. magna incapsulated?
Deer, cattle.
Small Ru fatal death can be caused by:
F. magna.
Which sp. lives in a capsule in liver?
F. magna.
Which fluke causes caverns in liver?
F. magna.
It feeds through the body surface too:
F. gigantica ( large liver fluke).
Drugs use against liver flukes?
Triclabendazole.
Rumen fluke development:
MI- SPO- RE- CE.
What is ø absolutely necessary in life cycle of Rumen fluke?
2 IH.
How can you diagnose acute Paramphistomosis?
Necropsy.
What is the larval stage that develops in Dicrocoelium in ants?
Metacercaria.
Schistosoma, Dicrocoelium development:
MI- SPO1- SPO2- CE.
How many IH does lancet fluke have?
2.
Dicrocoeliosis is:
Zoonotic.
Where in the world is S.mansoni found?
Tropical Africa + South America- Tropical + Subtropical zones.
Which Schistosoma sp. can be found in bladder?
S. mansoni + S. haematobium.
Blood fluke infects host by:
Penetrating skin (percutan/ per os).
What is the name of infective stage of Blood flukes:
Furocercariae.
How do offspring of Blood flukes get out from final host?
Eggs.
Which developmental stages of Blood fluke occur in snail?
SPO + CE.
Blood fluke infection from what?
Urine + faeces.
This parasite do ø have metacercaria?
Blood fluke.
Number of IH in Alaria alata?
2.
Alaria alata in Paratenic hosts:
Mesocercariae.
Where is Alaria alata (flatworm)?
- Final hosts- Dog, cat.
- Paratenic host- Sus, poultry, humans.
- Small intestine.
Proglottids are produced by:
Cestoda.
What is true about scolex in Cestoda only?
For attachment.
Diphyllobothriosis does ø occur in:
Sheep.
Sp. ø effected by Diphylobothrium latum?
Cattle.
Life cycle of Diphyllobotrium:
Indirect.
Diphyllobothrium causes:
Anemia, vit B12 deficiency.
How does Diphylobotrium latum infect?
/os- via fish intake.
How can a human be infected with Diphyllobotrium latum ( broad tapeworm)?
Ingestion of fish.
Human can be infected by eating infected meat including:
Diphylobothrium latum.
Meat borne infection of human is/ are:
Diphylobotriosis, Pork measle.
What is inside the ovum of Diphyllobotrium?
Zygote.
Diphyllobotrium have:
Yellow, oval egg with zygote inside.
The offspring of Broad Tapeworm is shed by host in which form?
Egg.
Tapeworm of Ru:
- Indirect lifecycle.
- IH- Box mites (Oribatidae).
- Eggs ( + 6 hooked oncosphere)–> Cysticercoid L2.
Worm which looks like grains of cooked rice in faeces in sheep:
Moniezia expansa.
Monieza spp. FEC with flotation:
- M. expansa- Triangular egg.
- M. benedeni- Quadrangular egg.
It’s larvae are ø hepatophilic:
Echinococcus granulosus.
The infective stage of E. granulosus is:
Hydatid cyst.
Cystic echinococcosis/ Hydatidosis/ Hydatid disease:
- Parasitic zoonoses.
- Caused by E. hydatidosus, infective L2 of E. granulosus.
- IH=> Ru, Eq, Sus, humans.
Infective stage of E. granulosus in Humans:
G1 ( from sheep), G2 ( T sheep).
Treatment against Echinococcus spp in Dogs:
- Praziquantel 5mg/kg.
- Epsiprantel 7.5mg/kg.
E. multilocularis can occur in humans:
Never.
Can cat be infected with E. multilocularis?
True.
How many proglottids does Diphyllidium caninum have?
Many.
Diphylidium caninum can cause visceralis larva migrans in Human:
False.
What is the name of the most common tapeworm in Eq?
Anoplocephala perfoliata.
Life cycle of Anoplocephala:
Indirect.
What do we diagnose with Proudman method ( FEC type)?
Anoplocephala perfoliata.
Moxidectin isn’t good against:
Anoplocephala.
Which tapeworm spp. can cause autoinfection in humans?
Taenia solium + saginata + asciatica, Diphylobotrium latum.
Found in the brain:
Cysticercus cellulosae (Human + Sus, m., heart, eyes).
Tapeworms belong to:
Platyhelminthes.
Lifecycle of Tapeworms:
Indirect.
Which domestic animal doesn’t have specific tapeworm sp?
Sus.
From which do only 1 tapeworm develop?
Cysticercoid + Strobilocercus.
Many adult tapeworms develop from this type of larva:
Echinococcus + Coenurus.
It occurs in vertebrate IH:
Plerocercoid- m. of fish.
Only 1 protoscolex develops from:
Strobilocercus.
This larva is ø able to reproduce asexually in host:
Cysticercus.
It can develop asexually:
Sporocyst.
If meat infected:
Discarded immediately.
What is found in m.?
Cysticercus cervi + cellulosae + bovis, Coenurus serialis.
The following statement is correct:
Hepatophilic tapeworm larva develops to L2.
Which is ø hepatophilic:
T. longicollis, E. granulosus.
Beef measles:
- Cysticercus bovis in cattle–> Bladder worm/ beef measles.
- Infective L2 of human tapeworm, T. saginata.
Carcass unfit for consumption:
If 2/ more living cysts are found at more than 1 inspected site.
Pork measles:
- Carcass damage when tapeworms are encysted in meat.
- Caused by Cysticercus cellulosae, infective L2 of human pork tapeworm, Taenia solium.
Larva of Taenia hydatigena:
Is hepatophilic.
The IH of T.pisiformis are:
Rabbit, hare.
What is the host sp. of Taenia ovis?
Dog.
Cysticercus tennuicollis is L2 that develops to T. Ovis?
False.
Cysticercus ovis effects which organs?
M., heart.
Which 1 doesn’t occur in m.?
Cysticercus pisiformis, C. tenuicollis.
How many protoscolices are in Cysticercus piriformis?
1.
Tapeworm whose metacestodes is C. cellulosae?
Taenia solium.
Echinococcus hydatidiosus is L3:
False.
What’s the name of tapeworm sp. of red foxes which causes severe infection in Human?
E. multilocularis.
It occurs in invertebrate IH:
Cysticercoid.
’ Hepatitis cysticercosa’ caused by:
Cysticercus tenuicollis + pisiformis.
The infective stage of T. solium can develop in?
Humans + Sus.
Graphidium strigosum location:
Stomach of rabbit.
This infection can be detected by inspecting faeces with flotation method:
Spirocercosis, Trichostrongylus.
It lives in large intestine of Ru:
- Chabertia ovina- colon + rectum.
- Oesaphagustomum dentatum- Caecum + colon.
Which one has a smooth surface?
Toxascarina leonina.
PE- 2 of this/ these sp. isn’t ascaroid type:
A. galli + T. leonina.
Galactogenic infection related to what type migration?
Toxocaroid type.
Which one has earthworm as IH:
Lungworms of Sus, Nematode of dog.
Hyostrongylus rubidus ( red stomach worm) location:
Stomach- gastric mucosa, Sus.
Hyostrongylus causes:
- Larvae- Hypertrophic, ulcerative, acute gastritis- Blood in gastric lumen.
- Adult worms- chronic catarrhal gastritis, gastric ulceration.
Hyostrongylus rubidus vs Oesophagostomum. Eggs can be differentiated:
False.
Hyostrongylus detection:
FEC.
What is the infective stage of Amidostomosis?
L3- Egg–> L3 hatches, survives in shallow H2O.
It occurs in gizzard of ducks + birds:
Amidostomum anseris.
What can be detected in living birds infected with Amidostomum spp.?
Eggs from faeces.
How does Amidostomum infect?
- /os + /cutan.
- Infection orally with H2O.
It does ø have extra- intestinal migration:
Amidostomum anseris.
What is the name of Cat Stomach worm?
Ollulanus tricuspis.
Hosts of Ollulanosis:
Cat, wild cat, other felids.
What is the route of infection with Stomach worm of cat?
Ingesting of vomit of infected cat containing L3- Larvae do ø pass out with faeces.
Infective stage of Cat stomach worm?
L3.
What is laid by female stomach worm of cat?
L3- Female is viviparous, eggs develop to L3 ‘ in utero’.
Trichostrongylosis in Eq:
Trichostrongylus axei- In stomach + prox. small intestine- direct life cycle- L3 infective stage.
Host specificity of Trichostrongylus axei?
Euryxenous.
The host spectrum of Trichostrongylus axei:
Eq + Donkeys.
Cooperia location:
Small intestine.
In which spp. is Haemonchus contortus 1ºly found?
Sheep + goat abomasum.
Which ressembles a barber’s pole?
Haemonchus contortus.
In which spp is Haemonchius placei 1ºly found?
Cattle.
Type 1 or ‘ Summer Ostertagiosis’:
High morbidity, low mortality.
Type 2 or ‘ Winter Ostertagiosis’:
Low morbidity, high mortality.
Which has a bent head?
Hookworms.
Hookworm in Car. Feeding habits + location:
Adult are blood feeders, in small intestine.
The cats can be infected with Uncinaria stenocephala:
True.
What happens to human if infected with Ancylostomatidosis?
Creeping eruption.
Dipylidium caninum can cause visceralis larva migrans in Human:
False.
Which ways can cat be infected with hookworms?
- /os, /cutan, with milk, prenatal, by paratenic hosts.
The endectocides are effective against:
Hookworms.
Which nematodes is in small Ru?
Bunostomum trigonocephalum- lambs.
Which bunostomum sp. infects cattle?
Bunostomum phlebotomum.
Hookworm route of infection in Ru:
per cutan or orally.
Strongyloides are:
Oviparous, Viviparous.
How many IH is/ are needed in development of Strongyloides spp.?
0.
Location of adult Strongyloides spp. ( dwarf worms).
Small intestine.
Where does Threadworm live in host?
In small intestine.
Strongyloides spp. infection:
/cutan, /os, autoinfection.
What is the speed of development of galactogenic infection compared to per cutan infection of Strongyloidosis?
- Sus 3 days galactogenic vs. 6 days per cutan.
- Ru 5 days galactogenic vs. 9 days per cutan.
How does galactogenic infection of Strongyloides happen?
- Hypobiotic larvae reactivate + change.
- Larvae development arrested- migrate to mammary gl- colostral + lactogenic infection.
How does autoinfection larva of Strongyloides develop?
Go to intestine after lung passage.
Name of Dwarf worm in Sus?
S. ransomi.
How are Sus infected with Dwarf worms?
/os, /cutan, with milk.
Diagnosis:
Ellipsoidal egg- containing morula/ L1.
How do Sheep get infected with ‘ Dwarf Nematode’?
/cutan.
What is the host sp. of Strongyloides westeri?
Eq + donkeys.
S. westeri’s main route of infection:
Colostral + lactogenic infection in very young foals.
Most common way of infection of foals with Threadworms:
Galactogenic.
Route of infection in dogs of Strongyloides stercoralis.
/cutan.
In faeces of pups with strongyloides occurs:
Larva.
In puppy faeces, you find which form of Strongyloides?
Free L1 pass in faeces.
It occurs in dogs:
Strongyloides stercoralis.
Can Strongyloidosis of dogs infect humans?
True.
Lifecycle of roundworm of car:
Direct, egg- L3.
Which one is distinguishable from other because of it’s morphology?
T. leonina.
T. canis:
- PE2 depends on host age.
- Ascaroid type, < 1 mnth, PP 28 days.
- Toxocaroid type >1mnth.
T. cati:
- PE2 similar to T. canis, but ø intra uterine infection.
- Lactogenic route.
T. leonina:
PE2- Ascaridoid type.
How can dogs become infected with roundworms?
/os, prenatal/ intrauterine, Transmammary/ lactogenic, eating paratenic host.
Eggs of Parascaris equorum:
Spherical, yellowish brown, thick shelled with pitted surface.
Bo toxocarosis occurs in:
Calves < 6 mnths.
Clinical signs of Ascaris suum:
Acute/ chronic multiple intestinal hepatitis- ‘ Milk spots’.
Eggs of Ascaris suum:
Ovoid, mammillated thick shell.
Infection of Ascaridia suum with:
L3- Egg with L3.
Ascaridoid type( infective form):
PE2- Ascaridia galli.
Which egg is similar to Ascaridia galli?
Heterakis gallinarum.
Heterakis spp. location:
Caecum.
Heterakis spp. vector of:
Histomonas meleagridis.
Occurence of Strongyle decreased since:
Regular use of antihelminthic treatment.
Small strongyle diagnosis:
Faecal examination- Strongyle type eggs.
Strongyle infection in faecal sample of a 7 mnth old Eq. Most likely infected by:
S. equinus, S. edentatus.
Strongylidosis infection:
L3.
Moxidectin is effective against:
Strongylidosis.
Cyasthostominosis is:
Synchronous emergence of thousands of hypo- biotic Cyasthostome L4.
How can you detect small Strongyle infection of Eq?
FEC with flotation.
What kind of drug (s) has/have good efficacy against encysted larvae of small Strongyles?
Fenbendazole, Moxidectin.
They can cause the Nodular Worm infection of Ru:
Oesophagostomum spp.
Causes the infection of Sus:
Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum + dentatum.
Causes the infection of Cattle:
Oesophagostomum radiatum.
Causes the infection of small Ru:
Oesophagostomum columbianum.
Oesophagostomum infection via:
Ingestion of L3.
Where do Oesophagostomum worms live?
In large intestine: Caecum + colon.
ø extraintestinal migration:
Oesophagostomum.
Has histotrophic phase:
Oesophagostomum.
Oesophagostomum eggs ( strongyle- type eggs) are hard to distinguish from:
Hyostrongylus eggs ( stomach worm).
Which one of these have similar development as Chabertia?
Oesophagostomum.
How to detect Oxyuris equi:
Eggs from perineal region with adhesive tape.
Host of Passalurus ambiguous:
Rabbit.
Passalurus ambiguous location:
Caecum + colon.
Passalurus lay:
L3.
What is the genus name of Whipworms?
Trichuris.
What hosts spp. don’t have Whipworm/ Trichuris spp.?
Eq.
Location of Trichuris spp:
Caecum + colon.
Trichuris vulpis can be found in duodenum?
False.
Infective stage of Whipworm:
L1.
Ways cats are infected with Trichuris:
/os.
Detection of Trichuris spp:
Flotation.
Chabertia ovina ( large mouthed bowel worm) location:
Large intestine- colon _ rectum.
It lives in the large intestine of Ru ( Sheep, goat):
Chabertia ovina.
What is the Latin name of worm living in birds’ trachea?
Syngamus trachea- Gapeworm.
Syngamus trachea host:
Domestic fowl, turkeys, pheasants, game birds, patridges.
Syngamus trachea has an IH?
False.
Dictyocaulus infective form:
L1.
Dictyocaulosis of Cattle:
Dictyocaulus viviparus + eckerti.
Dictyocaulosis of sheep + goat:
Dictyocaulus filaria.
What can you find in faecal sample of sheep infected with Dictyocaulus filaria?
Eggs contanin L1.
Dictyocaulosis of Donkey + Eq.
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi.
Prostrongylidosis of sheep + goat ( nodular lungworm disease).
- Small lungworms.
- In small bronchi : Prostrongylus rufescens.
- In lung parenchyma: Cytocaulus orcreatus, Muellerius capillaris, Neostrongylus linearis.
Nodular lungworm lifecycle:
Indirect.
The wormknot contains 1 sexually active worm in lung of sheep:
False.
Metastrongylosis ( Lungworm disease of Sus):
Metastrongylus apri M. pudendotectus + salmi.
Life cycle of Lungworm of Sus:
Indirect.
Oslerus osleri:
Dog, L1.
Filaroides milksi, Filaroides hirthi:
Dog, L1- infective stage- Transmitted by saliva, coprophagy, licking.
Filaroides milksi can effect cats:
False.
Eucoleus aerophilus:
Dog + cat: infection by eggs containing infective stage L1 + by paratenic host earthworms.
Cresoma vulpis:
- Indirect lifecycle.
- L1 ( in faeces)- IH ( molluscs).
- Infection by snails/ slugs ( L3).
Angiostrongylus vasorum lifecycle:
Indirect.
Can cats get French heartworm ( Angiostrongylus vasorum)?
Yes.
The French heartworm has been recently detected in:
Western Europe.
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus:
- Cat.
- L1 ( in faeces)–> IH ( snails _ slugs).
- Paratenic hosts ( small rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles).
What is the length of Lungworm of cats?
- 1cm.
- A. abstrusus is 5- 10mm.
Aerulosrtongylus abstrusus travels to lung parenchyma + bronchi via:
Blood.
Where does the Cat’s Aelurostrongylus worm develop?
Bronchiole + alveolar ducts.
What can be in faeces of cat infected with Lungworm?
L1.
How can you detect A. abstrusus in cats?
Baermann technique.
Oslerus rostratus, Cat:
L1, indirect lifeccyle.
Fertilised worms of D. immitis can be found at 4 mnth:
True.
1st microfilariae appear in blood of Dog wih Dirofilaria immitis only ___ after infection?
6- 7 mnths.
Clinical sign of cat with Heartworm?
Coughing.
What do you detect in Dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis?
Microfilariae.
Diagnosis of Dirofilaria:
Modified knott method.
What is the effective drug against D. immitis adults?
Melarsomine.
Is Trichinellosis ( Trichinosis) ( M. worm disease) zoonotic?
Yes, Food borne parasitozoonosis.
Size of Trichinella:
1- 4 mm.
What is the infective stage of Trichinella spp?
L1- m. Trichinella.
Trichinella spp. lifecycle:
Indirect- ø free living stage.
In EU, majority of Trichinella infections caused by:
T. spiralis, T. britovi, T. nativa.
In Europe, majority of Human infection is caused by which Trichinella?
T. spiralis.
Infective Trichinella may survive in __ pork for many mnths:
In smoked, salted, picled.
Trichinella is encapsulated in which tissue?
L1 encapsulated in striated skeletal m.
Trichinella 1st in:
Small intestine- mating- L1- Bloodstream- Pectoral mm.
Treatment of Trichinella:
Fenbendazole, Albendazole.
What cause summer sores in Eq?
Cutaneous habronematidosis.
Spirocercosis of Dogs Treatment:
Milbemicin oxim.
Thelaziosis in Cattle + Eq? ( eye worm).
- Cattle: T. gulosa, T. rhodesi, T. skrjabini.
- Eq: T. lacrymalis.
Eye worm in dog:
Thelezia californiesis, T. calipaeda, Onchocera.
Summer bleeding caused by:
Parafilaria multipapillosa in Eq + Donkey.
Summer bleeding location:
In small haemorrhagiv nodules formed in subcutaneous + inter- muscular CT.
Vector for summer bleeding:
Muscoid flies- Haemaotbia atripalpis.
Summer bleeding can be treated with:
Ivermectin, Moxidectin.
Parafilariosis of cattle:
Parafilaria bovicola.
Vector for Onchocerciosis:
- Black flies of genus Simulium.
- Biting midges of genus Culicoides.
Which causes conjunctivitis in Eq?
Onchocercosis cervicalis.
What is the name of eyeworm of Dogs?
Onchocerca lupi.
Where can you find the adults of Setaria equina?
Peritoneal + pleural cavity.
In Eq abdomen:
Setaria.
How to detect Setaria equina?
Knott method.
Name a Nematode in dog bladder:
Capillaria plica.
Capillaria infective stage:
L1.
The lifecycle of Capillaria plica is direct:
False.
The infective stage of thorny headed worms develop in insects:
True.
Where is Acanthocephalosis ( thorny head- worm) found?
Small intestine.
Acanthocephala hirundinaceus can’t be found in which sp?
Sheep.
The thin shelled egg of Acanthocephala contains:
Larva.
What is acanthor?
L1.
What has ø digestive tract:
Cestode, Acantocephala.
Macracanthorhinchus hirndinaceus occurs in:
Small intestine.
Where can you find M. hirundinaceus in Sus?
Small intestine, duodenum + jejunum.
