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Protozoans Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis for N.fowleri

A
  • Presence of trophozoites in CSF
  • PCR
  • Culture
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2
Q

Pseudopod-forming and non-flagellated protozoan parasite:

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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3
Q

Small, spiny filaments for locomotion

A

Acanthopodia

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4
Q

Protozoans belong to this Phylum and Kingdom

A

Phylum - Protozoa
Kingdom - Protista

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5
Q

Distinguished from E.histolytica by PCR

A

Entamoeba dispar

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6
Q

E.coli or E.histolytica

Splinter-like chromatoidal bodies, iodine staining reveals dark-staining, perinuclear masses, which are actually glycogen

A

E.coli

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7
Q

Disease caused by Naegleria fowleri

A

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

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8
Q

E.coli or E.histolytica

more sluggish, unidirected movements

A

E.coli

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9
Q

They are motile and cannot encyst if excreted from the vody:

A

E. histolytica trophozoites

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10
Q

E.coli or E.histolytica

Broader and blunter pseudopodia used more for feeding than locomotion

A

E.coli

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11
Q

2 forms of N.fowleri trophozoite:

A
  1. Ameboid (found in humans)
  2. Ameboflagellates (jerky motility)
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12
Q

True or False

Cyst of N.fowleri is multi-nucleated with rounded chromatoidal bars

A

False

They are uninucleated

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13
Q

Cyst and Trophozoite of this parasite possess 2 nuclei

A

Sappinia spp.

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14
Q

Treatment for Entamoeba histolytica:

A

Metronidazole

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15
Q

Reproduction of Amoeba:

A

Binary fission

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16
Q

The cytoplasm of this trophozoite has bacteria and undigested food

A

Entamoeba coli trophozoite

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17
Q

Treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK)

A
  • Surgical excision of the infected area
  • Deep Lamellar Keratectomy: superficial
  • Clotrimazole combined with Pentamidine, Isethionate, and Neosporin
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18
Q

Classified as free-livinf amoeba (rarely infect humans)

A

Entamoeba moshkovskii

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19
Q

Brain-eating amoeba

A

Naegleria fowleri

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20
Q

Vegetative forms of N.fowleri

A
  1. Ameba (trophozoite form)
  2. Flagellate (swimming form)
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21
Q

They are unicellular organisms without tissues and organs

A

Protozoans

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22
Q

Thermophilic organism (up to 30 deg celsius)

A

Naegleria fowleri

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23
Q

Locomotory organelle which also help in food capturing:

A

Pseudopodia

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24
Q

Naegleria fowleri multiplies through:

A

Promitosis (intracellular mitosis)

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25
Q

Parasite isolated from soil and dust

A

Balamuthia mandrillaris

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26
Q

Has iodine cyst and a large glycogen vacuole/body which stains deeply with iodine, uninucleated

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

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27
Q

Free-living Pathogenic Amoeba:

A

*Naegleria fowleri
*Acanthamoeba spp.

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28
Q

Protozoa came from these Greek words

A

Protos - first
Zoon - animals

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29
Q

True or false:
Trophozoites of E. histolytica are resistant acidic pH

A

False - Cysts are resistant to acidic pH, not Trophozoites

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30
Q

Infective stage of Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Trophozoite

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31
Q

“Thorn-like” appendages

A

Acanthopodia

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32
Q

Most pathogenic Amoeba:

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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33
Q

E. coli or E. histolytica:
More vacuolated or granular endoplasm with BACTERIA and DEBRIS, but NO RED BLOOD CELLS

A

E. coli

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34
Q

Formed during the initial stage of Encystment and appear as an AMORPHOUS, DISCONTINUOUS LAYER

A

Ectocyst

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35
Q

E.coli or E.histolytica

Thicker, irregular peripheral chromatin with a large, eccentric karyosome in the nucleus

A

E.coli

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36
Q

True or false:
E. histolytica has centrally located karyosome

A

True

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37
Q

True or False:
Entamoeba dispar is the only member of the family “Entamoebidae” to cause colitis

A

False - Entamoeba histolytica is the only member of the family “Entamoebidae” to cause colitis

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38
Q

True or False

E.coli is smaller than E.histolytica

A

False

E.coli (10-35 um) is larger than E. histolytica (10-20 um)

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39
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Prodromal fever and malaise common

A

Bacillary Dysentery

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40
Q

True or False

The trophozoite of N.fowleri has granular cytoplasm and contains many vacuoles

A

True

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41
Q

E.coli or E.histolytica
Narrower, less-differentioated ectoplasm

A

E.coli

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42
Q

They are minute, generally microscopic and eukaryotic organisms:

A

Protozoans

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43
Q

Parasites under Phylum Apicomplexa:

A

Sporozoa:
* Plasmodium spp.
* Babesia spp.

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44
Q

They can be free-living, parasitic, or symbiotic in nature.

A

Protozoans

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45
Q

True or False

Cyst of N.fowleri does not form in human tissue

A

True

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46
Q

Activated T-cells kill E.histolytica by:

A
  • directly lysing trophozoites
  • producing cytokines (activate macrophages and neutrophils/eosinophils
  • providing helper effect for B-cell antibody production
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47
Q

Smallest protozoa

A

Endolimax nana

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48
Q

True or False

Trophozoite of N.fowleri cannot turn into temporary non-feeding flagellated forms

A

False

They CAN turn into temporary non-feeding flagellated forms

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49
Q

Inner granular portion of the Cytoplasm body

A

Endoplasm

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50
Q
A
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51
Q

This commensal amoeba exists in TROPHOZOITE STAGE ONLY

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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52
Q

True or False

Cyst of N.fowleri have a smooth, double-layered wall

A

False

Cyst of N.fowleri is SINGLE-LAYERED

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53
Q

Protoplasm is differentiated into:

A

Ectoplasm and Endoplasm

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54
Q

Symptoms:
* severe ocular pain and blurring of vision
* Corneal ulceration with progressive corneal infiltration
* may lead to hypopyon formation
* Progression of infection may cause scleritis and iritis, and may
ultimately lead to vision loss

A

Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK)

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55
Q

This trophozoites has a centrally located karyosome and long and finger-like pseudopodia

A

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

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56
Q

Mode of Transmission for Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Eye, nasal passages, ulcerated or broken skin

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57
Q

Considered a true pathogen

A

Naegleria fowleri

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58
Q

3 stages of N.fowleri

A
  1. Cyst stage
  2. Trophozoite stage
  3. Flagellated stage
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59
Q

They may adopt in a different host and transfer themselves passively in the cystic stage

A

Monogenetic Protozoa

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60
Q

Characterized by an active trophozoite stage with characteristic prominent “Thorn-like” appendages

A

Acanthamoeba spp. (A.castellani)

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61
Q

Size of E. histolytica cyst

A

10-20 um

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62
Q

True or False:
Protozoans generally multiply sexually.

A

False - they generally multiply ASEXUALLY

63
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Bloody diarrhea

A

Amebic Dysentery

64
Q

Has 3 layered cystic walls (visible through electron microscope)

A

Balamuthia mandrillaris

65
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Seldom epidemic

A

Amebic Dysentery

66
Q

This parasite’s cyst has 1-8 nuclei and has a Broomstick-like Chromatoidal bodies

A

Entamoeba coli

67
Q

Their cysts are quadrinucleated with coarse cytoplasm; immature cyst has chromatoidal bars

A

Entamoeba hartmanni

68
Q

2 parts of the Cytoplasm body:

A

Ectoplasm and Endoplasm

69
Q

Mode of reproduction of Protozoans:

A

Binary or Multiple fission, Budding

70
Q

Mode of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica:

A

Ingestion of food/water with cyst

71
Q

Examples of Digenetic Protozoa:

A

Leishmania, Plasmodium, and Trypanosoma spp. (LPT)

72
Q

Specimen for Acanthamoeba spp.

A
  • Discharges
  • Exudates
  • Tissue secretions
  • Epithelial biopsy
  • Corneal scrapings
73
Q

Isolated in the feces of many animals, including mammals and reptiles

A

Sappinia spp.

74
Q

Morphologically similar with E.histolytica but with a different genome

A

Entamoeba dispar

75
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Charcot-leyden crystals present

A

Amebic Dysentery

76
Q

Feeding and vegetative stage of Entamoeba histolytica:

A

Trophozoites

77
Q

CSF: ELEVATED WBC WITH NEUTROPHILIC PREDOMINANCE; HIGH PROTEIN AND LOW GLUCOSE

A

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

78
Q

Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba spp.

A
  • Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
  • Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK)
79
Q

Morphologically similar to E.histolytica and E.dispar

A

Entamoeba moshkovskii

80
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Fishy odor stool

A

Amebic Dysentery

81
Q

Treatment for N.fowleri

A

Amphotericin B in combination with Clotrimazole

82
Q

2 stages of E. histolytica:

A

Cyst stage (infective) and Trophozoite stage

83
Q

Infective stage of Balamuthia

A

Trophozoite

84
Q

Cytoplasm: ingests RBC

A

E. histolytica trophozoite

85
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Spontaneous recovery, no relapse

A

Bacillary Dysentery

86
Q

Has rounded ends, sausage-shaped chromatoidal bodies

A

E. histolytica cyst

87
Q

Resilient and difficult to treat

A

Acanthamoeba spp. cyst

88
Q

Distinguished from E.histolytica by cyst

A

Entamoeba polecki

89
Q

This trophozoite has progressive and directional locomotion

A

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

90
Q

This trophozoite has non-progressive and sluggish locomotion

A

Entamoeba coli trophozoite

91
Q

How many layers of B.mandrillaris cyst are visible through light microscopy?

92
Q

They require TWO (2) hosts to complete their life cycle

A

Digenetic Protozoa

93
Q

Survive in contact lens cleaning solutions

A

Acanthamoeba spp. (A.castellani)

94
Q

Large irregular mass of chromatin occupying almost 1/2 diamter of karyosome

A

Endolimax nana

95
Q

Specimen of choice for E. histolytica:

A

Stool
Formed - cyst
Diarrheic - trophozoites

96
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Lasts for weeks, dysentery returns

A

Amebic Dysentery

97
Q

Cyst has 4 nuclei concentrated at one end “cross-eyed cyst”

A

Endolimax nana

98
Q

Pathogenic Intestinal Amoeba:

A

Entamoeba histolytica

99
Q

Singel nucleus is found in the:
Endoplasm or Ectoplasm

100
Q

True or False:
Parasitic protozoa perform asexual reproduction only in one host

A

False - Parasitic protozoa perform ASEXUAL and SEXUAL reproduction in DIFFERENT HOSTS (alternation of generation)

101
Q

Morphologically similar to E.histolytica but smaller and has no RBC inclusion

A

Entamoeba hartmanni

102
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Tenesmus common

A

Bacillary Dysentery

103
Q

Produced when conditions are not favorable

A

Dormant cyst (Naegleria fowleri)

104
Q

This parasite’s cyst has 1-4 nuclei and has Sausage/Cigar-shaped Chromatoidal bodies with rounded ends

A

Entamoeba histolytica

105
Q

They require ONE host to complete their life cycle:

A

Monogenetic Protozoa

106
Q

Acanthopodia spp. replicate by:

107
Q

It is pseudopodia-long and finger-like

A

E. histolytica trophpzoite

108
Q

Single large nucleus with a centrally-located, densely staining nucleolus

A

Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoite

109
Q

Parasite of pigs and monkeys; rarely infect humans

A

Entamoeba polecki

110
Q

Mode of transmission for N.fowleri

A

Nasal, and Broken skin

111
Q

Ubiquitous, free-living amoeba

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

112
Q

Has progressive and directional movement:

A

E. histolytica trophozoite

113
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Odorless stool

A

Bacillary Dysentery

114
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Watery, bloody diarrhea

A

Bacillary Dysentery

115
Q

Cysts are consistently uninucleated

A

Entamoeba polecki

116
Q

This usually occurs to protect the cell from the unfavourable conditions, and it also helps in dispersal

A

Encystment

117
Q

Non-feeding and infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica:

118
Q

They are non-motile and resistant to acidic pH

A

E. histolytica cyst

119
Q

Double-walled, consisting of an Ectocyst and an Endocyst

A

Acanthamoeba spp. cyst

120
Q

True or False

Trophozoite of Balamuthia mandrillaris has finger-like pseudopodia

121
Q

Most common Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

122
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

May be epidemic

A

Bacillary Dysentery

123
Q

Parasites under Phylum Sarcomastigophora:

A

Sarcodina:
* Amoeba
* Commensal Amoeba

Mastigophora:
* Atrial Flagellates
* Non Pathogenic Flagellates
* Blood and Tissue Flagellates

124
Q

Mode of transmission for N. fowleri

A

Oral and intranasal routes while swimming in contaminated lakes, pools, rivers

125
Q

Associated with the use of improperly disinfected soft contact lenses

A

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

126
Q

True or False

Single reported case of infection with Sappinia pedata in a human was identified in Brazil

A

False

It was identified in Texas.

127
Q

The cytoplasm of this trophozoite contains ingested RBCs

A

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

128
Q

Size of E. histolytica trophozoite:

A

12 - 60 um

129
Q

How many nuclei are there in the cyst of E. histolytica?

A

1-4 nuclei

130
Q

Has a fine granular texture, and is uniformly thicker

131
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Acute onset

A

Bacillary Dysentery

132
Q

This commensal Amoeba is transmitted person-to-person orally by kissing or fomites and it resides in the oral cavity

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

133
Q

True or False:
Body of amoeba is with pellicle, and has a fixed shape

A

False - Body of Amoeba is WITHOUT PELLICLE, and has NO FIXED SHAPE

134
Q

Only member of the family “Entamoebidae” to cause colitis:

A

Entamoeba histolytica

135
Q

Large endosome, finely granulated cytoplasm

A

Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoite

136
Q

Systemic manifestations early in the course include fever, malaise, andanorexia

A

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

137
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

No charcot-leyden crystals

A

Bacillary Dysentery

138
Q

Pathogenesis of E. histolytica

A

Amoebic dysentery/diarrhea containing blood and mucus

139
Q

Non-pathogenic (commensal) Amoeba: (8)

A

*Entamoeba coli
*Entamoeba dispar
*Emtamoeba hartmanni
*Entamoeba polecki
*Entamoeba gingivalis
*Entamoeba moshkovskii
*Endolimax nana
*Iodamoeba bütschlii

140
Q

Neurologic symptoms may include increased sleeping time, severe
headache, mental status changes, epilepsy, and coma

A

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

141
Q

Able to survive at temperature range of 0-41 deg Celsius and is Osmotolerant

A

Entamoeba moshkovskii

142
Q

True or False:
Reproduction of Protozoans may switch to sexual method or undergo cystic change to its host

143
Q

usually occurs in immunocompromised host, generally related to destruction of brain tissue and the associated meningeal irritation

A

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

144
Q

Parasite under Phylum Ciliophora:

A

Ciliata:
* Balantidium coli

145
Q

Formation of flask-shaped ulcers

A

Amoebic dysentery (E. histolytica)

146
Q

This trophozoite has eccentric nucleus and short, blunt pseudopodia

A

Entamoeba coli trophozoite

147
Q

Causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

A

Naeleria fowleri

148
Q

Used for locomotive, for protection, and sensory purposes:

149
Q

Locomotory organelles of Protozoa;

A

Flagella, Cilia, or Pseudopodia

150
Q

“Small race” Ameoba

A

Entamoeba hartmanni

151
Q

Free living or endoparasite:

152
Q

Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery

Gradual onset

A

Amebic Dysentery

153
Q

Outer hyaline portion of the Cytoplasm body:

154
Q

For nutritive and reproductive function:

Parasitology Lecture (4 decks)

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