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Parasitology Lecture > Filarial Parasites > Flashcards

Filarial Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

A special test, performed when skin snips are negative of microfilaria but clinical suspicion is very high

A

Mazzotti test

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2
Q

Sheathed microfilariae with nuclei up to tail-tip

A
  • Brugia malayi
  • Loa loa
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3
Q

Considered a Neglected Tropical Disease

A

Onchocerca volvulus

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4
Q

Unsheathed and non-periodic microfilariae:

A
  • Mansonella perstans
  • Mansonella ozzardi
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5
Q

Calabar swelling is also known as:

A

Migratory swelling

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6
Q

Disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus

A

Onchocerciasis, Dermatitis

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7
Q

Subnocturnal or more active at night time but still active during day time

A

Brugia malayi

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8
Q

Microfilaria Morphology:
* No hyaline sheath
* Body curve is regular and slightly twisted
* Large cephalic space
* Fine and mostly separated body nuclei
* Nuclei doesn’t reach the pointed tip

A

Mansonella ozzardi

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9
Q

Caused by obstruction of lymph vessels

A

Elephantiasis/Lymphatic filariasis

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10
Q

Vector of Loa loa

A

Chrysops (deer flies)

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11
Q

Detects filarial antigens by amplification of
DNA; sensitive test

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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12
Q

Characterized by painful lesions that even the touch of wind or air is already painful

A

Adenolymphangitis (ADL) or Dermatolymphangioadenitis (DLA)

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13
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti is also known as:

A

Bancroft’s filaria

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14
Q

Intermediate host of Loa loa

A

Chrysops

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15
Q

Microfilaria Morphology
* No hyaline sheath
* Tail usually curved; “Shepherd’s crook”
* Large cephalic space
* Body nuclei fine and mostly separated
* Nuclei reaches the tip
* No microfilarial periodicity

A

Mansonella streptocerca

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16
Q

Vector of M. perstans

A

Cullicoides (midge)

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17
Q

Microfilaria in Blood:

A
  • Wuchereria bancrofti
  • Brugia malayi and Brugia timori
  • Mansonella perstans
  • Mansonella ozzardi
  • Loa loa
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18
Q

Mosquitoes that can transmit lymphatic filariasis:

A

Anophelen and culicine mosquitoes

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19
Q

Nocturnal or active in the circulation during night time
(8pm - 4am)

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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20
Q

Intermediate host of Wuchereria bancrofti:

A

Culex, Anopheles, Aedes

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21
Q

Body curves: Regular, often form loops

A

Mansonella perstans

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22
Q

Not seen in blood film preparation because they are commonly seen in the lymphatics

A

Adult worms

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23
Q

Several curvatures characterized as regular and curvy

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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24
Q

Symmetry: Unilateral/Asymmetric

A

Brugia malayi

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25
Q

Definitive host of Brugia malayi

A

Human, Cats, Dogs, Monkeys

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26
Q

Periodicity of Loa loa

A

Diurnal

seen during daytime, common during rainy days

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27
Q

Characteristic lizard skin/leopard skin due to depigmentation

A

Onchocerciasis

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28
Q

Burden: Sub-Saharan Africa

A

Onchocerca volvulus

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29
Q

Sheathed mocrofilariae tail-tip free from nuclei:

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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30
Q

Disease caused by M. perstans

A

Ugandan eye worm

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31
Q

Nuclear arrangement: column of nuclei is in 2 rows (indistinct/irregularly arranged) with 2 nuclei at the tip of the tail

A

Brugia malayi

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32
Q

Infective stage of O. volvulus

A

L3 larva

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33
Q

Angular curvature with secondary kinks (kinky)

A

Brugia malayi

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34
Q

Localization: Above the knee

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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35
Q

Incidence: Equal for adult and children

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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36
Q

Tail tapered
and bluntly
rounded, bent
in “shepherd’s
crook” shape

A

Mansonella streptocerca

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37
Q

Gold standard for Diagnosing Lymphatic Parasites

A

Microscopy

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38
Q

Formerly called Dipetalonema perstans

A

Mansonella perstans

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39
Q

Stage where patient is clinically well or shows no sign and symptoms, howevere, when diagnostics tests are done, thousands/millions of microfilariae are found in the PBS and adult worms in the lymphatics of the patient

A

Asymptomatic stage

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40
Q

Intermediate host of B. malayi

A

Mansonia bonis/uniformis

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41
Q

Microfilariae enclosed in a hyaline sheath with a dark staining nuclei on central axis

A

Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi

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42
Q

Intermediate host of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Simulium

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43
Q

Pitting edema to non-pitting edena with repeated acute inflammatory episodes

A

Chronic stage

44
Q

Drug of Choice for W. bancrofti and B. malayi

A

Diethylcarbamazine

45
Q

Common in Africa and South America

A

Mansonella perstans

46
Q

Disease caused by Loa loa:

A

Loiasis and Calabar swelling

47
Q

The adult worms of this parasite resembles those of Wuchereria bancrofti but are smaller

A

Brugia malayi

48
Q

Tail tapered to
a point

A

Onchocerca volvulus

49
Q

The enlarged parts harden with loss of skin elasticity and fibrosis producing Elephantiasis

A

Chronic stage

50
Q

Vectors of Mansonella ozzardi:

A

Cullicoides (midge) and Simulium (black fly)

51
Q

Drug of choice for M. ozzardi:

A

Ivermectin

52
Q

Knott’s technique

A
  • Citrated blood + formalin
  • Centrifugation
  • Yield increases
53
Q

Inflammation of lymph nodes and skin, reaction of the body to dead adult worms

A

Adenolymphangitis (ADL) or Dermatolymphangioadenitis (DLA)

54
Q

Distribution: Tropics, India

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

55
Q

Microfilariae that is found both in blood and skin:

A

Mansonella ozzardi

56
Q

Cellular reaction and fibrous hyperlapsia in the lower extremeties or any involved area

A

Chronic stage

57
Q

Sheathed and periodic microfilariae:

A
  • Wuchereria bancrofti
  • Brugia malayi
  • Loa loa
58
Q

Two discrete
nuclei in tip of
the tail

A

Brugia malayi

59
Q

Diagnosis for M. streptocerca

A

Demonstration of the microfilariae in skin snips

60
Q

Infective stage of Loa loa:

A

L3 larva

61
Q

Definitive host of Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Man

62
Q

Mansonella perstans is formerly called as:

A

Dipetalonema perstans

63
Q

Seen in patients with down regulated immune system or “endemic normals”

A

Asymptomatic stage

64
Q

Possible reasons for patients who clinically manifest with Elephantiasis but no microfilariae are seen in the blood:

A
  • Low intensity of infection
  • Presence of dead worms
  • Obstructed lymphatics
65
Q

Unsheathed microfilariae with nuclei up to tail-tip:

A
  • Mansonella perstans
  • Mansonella streptocerca
66
Q

Microfilaria Morphology:
* No hyaline sheath
* Large cephalic space
* Body nuclei tend to overlap
* Nucleus reaches the tip of the rounded tail

A

Mansonella perstans

67
Q

Parasite is absorbed and replaced by granulation
tissue

A

Chronic stage

68
Q

Microfilariae found in skin:

A
  • Onchocerca volvulus
  • Mansonella streptocerca
  • Mansonella ozzardi
69
Q

Drug of choice for Mansonella streptocerca

A

Ivermectin

70
Q

Brugia malayi is also known as:

A

Malayan filariasis

71
Q

Person who harbour the parasite antigen which are the different parts of the parasite, like the sheath, but does not harbour the microfilariae itself

A

Asymptomatic

72
Q

Diagnostic stage of Loa loa:

A

Microfilaria, sometimes the adult worm

73
Q

Stage where early manifestations are fever with or without involvement of lymph glands (lymphadenitis) and recurrent attacks of funiculitis, swelling and redness of the arms and legs, Adenolymphangitis (ADL) or Dermatolymphangioadenitis (DLA)

A

Acute stage

74
Q

Epidemiology: Central and South America, some islands of west indies

A

Mansonella ozzardi

75
Q

Unsheathed microfilariae tail-tip free from nuclei:

A
  • Mansonella ozzardi
  • Onchocerca volvulus
76
Q

African eye worm

A

Loa loa

77
Q

Causes River Blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

78
Q

Vector (rural) of Wuchereria bancrofti:

A

Anopheles

79
Q

Drug of choice for O. volvulus

A
  • Ivermectin
  • Antihistamine (for pruritis)
80
Q

Treatment for Loa loa:

A
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Diethylcarbamazine (for microfilaria and adult worm)
  • Albendazole (resistant to DEC against adult worms)
81
Q

Tail long and
slender

A

Mansonella ozzardi

82
Q

Vector of Mansonella streptocerca

A

Cullicoides (midge)

83
Q

Risk of infection for Loa loa:

A
  • Number of bites
  • Number of infected deer flies
  • Length of stay in the area
84
Q

Distribution: Southern Asia

A

Brugia malayi

85
Q

Localization: Below the knee

A

Brugia malayi

86
Q

Most common filarial manifestation

A

Elephantiasis/Lymphatic filariasis

87
Q

Stage where it develops slowly following years of continuous infection

A

Chronic stage

88
Q

Diagnosis for O. volvulus

A
  • Demonstration of the microfilariae in skin snips
  • Demonstration of the adult worm in the eye
89
Q

Diseases caused by M. streptocerca

A
  • usually asymptomatic
  • Cutaneous edema
  • Elephantiasis
90
Q

Diagnosis for Loa loa:

A
  • PBS
  • Demonstration of adult worm
  • Knott’s technique
  • Filtration
91
Q

Important reservoir host of Brugia malayi:

A

Cats

92
Q

Microfilaria will mature to L3 after 3 molts

A

Loa loa

93
Q

Nuclei arrangement: Column of 2-3 rows with no terminal nuclei at the tip

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

94
Q

Incidence: More seen in adults than in children

A

Brugia malayi

95
Q

Common in Ghana, Nigeria, Congo

A

Mansonella streptocerca

96
Q

Asymptomatic in endemic areas, symptomatic to travelers

A

Loiasis

97
Q

Vector of Onchocerca volvulus:

A

Blackfly Simulium

98
Q

Infective stage of Mansonella perstans

A

L3 larva

99
Q

Vector of Brugia malayi

A

Mansonia bonnae/uniformis

100
Q

Development of Loa loa to adult from microfilaria

A

1 year

101
Q

Reveals the presence of microfilariae

A

Examination of Blood film

102
Q
A
103
Q

Microfilariae found in blood:

A
  • Wuchereria bancrofti
  • Brugia malayi
  • Brugia timori
  • Loa loa
  • Mansonella perstans
  • Mansonella ozzardi
104
Q

Vector (urban) of Wuchereria bancrofti:

A

Culex

105
Q

Symmetry: Bilateral

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

106
Q

Tend to stay in the lower extremeties, could be in the lymph nodes and not much on the upper extremeties

A

Elephantiasis/Lymphatic filariasis

Parasitology Lecture (4 decks)

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