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Invertebrate Zoology > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

a eukaryotic cell consists of:

A

nucleus, cell membrane, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria

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2
Q

What features are unique to protozoa?

A

pellicle (modified cell membrane)
cytostme/cytoproct
contractile vacuoles
trichocysts

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3
Q

What does the pellicle do?

A

it is made up of numerous layers of cell membrane making the cell membrane rigid

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4
Q

How do protozoans take in food?

A

some by diffusion

phagocytosis (intracellular digestion)

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5
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

membrane bound food vacuole
digestive enzymes secreted into vacuole
wastes discharged when vacuole fused to cell membrane

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6
Q

What is a cytostome?

A

oral region - food intake

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7
Q

What is a cytoproct?

A

wastes discharged

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8
Q

How is food moved to the cytostome?

A

Food is transported by currant created by cilia

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9
Q

What is the structure of a flagellum? & how does it move?

A

9 + 2 microtubules (tubulin rods - actin)
ATP req for movement
movement by contraction of Dynein arms on 1 side of flagellum

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10
Q

What does the water evacuation vacuole do?

A

stores water in cytoplasm until full then expells it

too much H2O will make the cell too dilute or rupture the cell

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11
Q

What is a trichocyst?

A

Held just within the cell it is disharged from the cell vesicle to attach to substrate or food

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12
Q

What is a toxicyst?

A

a modified trichocyst for attacking prey, secretes toxin

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13
Q

Why do protozoa not get larger than the 30mm deep sea amoeba?

A

lacks a circulatory system to move nutrients, wastes & gases
must have enough surface area to support volume through diffusion
cell membrane : cytoplasm ratio

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14
Q

What are the 4 major groups in the kingdom Protista?

A

Flagellates
Amoebas
Ciliates
Spore Formers

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15
Q

What are the Flagellate Phyla?

A

Trichozoa
Euglenozoa
Dinozoa

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Flagellates?

A
  1. 1+ flagellum
  2. monomorphic nucleus
  3. pellicle or test
  4. asexual reproduction: longitudinal fissure
    sexual reproduction: autogamous or flagellated gametes
  5. autotrophic or heterotrophic
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17
Q

What is autogamy?

A

a type of sexual reproduction

an individual makes 2 gametes that fuse into a diploid cell

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18
Q

Why do flagellates switch between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

In sexual reproduction, there are many offspring but some killed due to natural selection, the trade of DNA makes it possible to find a better combination
Asexual reproduction is good for when reproducing under low population & for building population faster.

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19
Q

What is the medical importance of flagellates?

A

Leishmaniasis - blocks spleen or capillaries causing 2ndary infection (gangreen)

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20
Q

What is the mortality rate of Sleeping Sickness?

A

80% if untreated

21
Q

What is chagas disease?

A

latin american diease, vectored by cone-nosed bug (its digestive system) when its feces is rubbed into the bite of this blood-drinking bug
symptoms: anemia, enlarged heart

22
Q

What are the characteristics of Amoebas?

A
  1. Pseudopods
  2. monomorphic nucleus
  3. naked, test
  4. asexual reproduction: binary fission
    sexual reproduction: autogamous, flagellated gametes
23
Q

What Amoeboid Phyla, are naked?
have a CaCO3 test?
have a silicaceous test?

A

naked: Amoebozoa
CaCO3 test: Granuloreticulosa
silicaceous test: Radiozoa, Heliozoa

24
Q

How do amoebas feed?

A

trapping what they run into

25
Q

What are the Pyramids & the White Cliffs of Dover made of?

A

Foraminifera (Phylum Granuloreticulosa) tests

26
Q

How do Amoebas feed?

A

through phagocytosis with pseudopods (no pellicle), filter with net-like or spinelike actinopods

27
Q

What is the medical importance of amoebas?

A

many endosymbiotic or parasitic species

28
Q

What phylum do ciliates belong?

A

Ciliophora

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Ciliates?

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Infraciliature
  3. pellicle, test
  4. heteromorphic nucleus
  5. Asexual reproduction: transverse fissure
    sexual reproduction: autogamous or conjugation
30
Q

How is the pellicle in ciliates?

A

thick, giving a fixed shape

31
Q

How is the pellicle in amoebas?

A

no pellicle, thus non-fixed shape

32
Q

What is the purpose of the infraciliature?

A

it is composed of microtubules and anchor cilia

found even if it lacks cilia

33
Q

What is the movement that carries food to cytostome called?

A

metachronal waves
coordinated w/o nervous system
create water currents

34
Q

What is a heteromorphic nucleus?

A

it is composed of 2 nuclei

the macronucleus & micronucleus

35
Q

What is the function of the macronucleus in ciliates?

A

day-to-day processes

36
Q

What is the function of the micronucleus in ciliates?

A

total genetic information, used during reproduction

37
Q

What is conjugation (reproduction)?

A

a form of sexual reproduction,where 2 ciliates trade their micronucleus & then later replicate asexually

38
Q

What phylum dp sporeformers belong to?

A

Sporozoa

39
Q

What are the characteristics of sporozoa?

A
  1. endoparasites
  2. pellicle
  3. lack flagellum, pseudopods, cilia, have apical complex
  4. monomorphic nucleus
  5. asexual reproduction (multiple fission)
    sexual reproduction (flagellated gametes)
40
Q

How do sporozoa move?

A

undulating their body

41
Q

What is the purpose of the apical complex?

A

its only present during the infective stage & is used for host penetration

42
Q

What is the medical importance of sporozoa?

A

all are parasites (Malaria)

43
Q

What does it mean for a sporozoa to have a complex lifecycle?

A

it has more than 1 host

44
Q

What are the lifecycle stages for malaria?

A
  1. gametocytes - haploid in human/mosquito
  2. zygote - diploid in mosquito
  3. sporozoites - haploid, in mosquito/human
  4. merozoites - haploid in human
45
Q

What lifecycles of malaria are found in the mosquito?

A

Gametocytes are picked up from RBC
fuse in gut wall to become zygotes
asexually divide into sporozoites

46
Q

What lifecycles of malaria are found in the human?

A

sporozoites are injected into human
divide into merozoites
change into gametocyte in RBC

47
Q

What is the direct filiation theory?

A

primitive eukaryotes arose from bacteria w/chloroplast (cyanobacteria)
other organelles evolved gradually as internal membrane bounded structures
later protozoa lost chloroplast

48
Q

What is the serial endosymbiont theory?

A

endosymbiotic prokaryotes become membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes

Invertebrate Zoology (5 decks)

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