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Invertebrate Zoology > Evolution & Classification > Flashcards

Evolution & Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Timeline: How Long ago was the Earth formed?

A

4.5+ BYA

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2
Q

Timeline: How old are the oldest prokaryote fossils? What were they?

A

3.5 BYA

cyanobacteria

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3
Q

Timeline: How old are the oldest Unicellular eukaryote fossils? What were they?

A

1.8 BYA

dinoflagellates

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4
Q

Timeline: When did the earliest metazoa evolve?

A

670 MYA - 1.2 BYA ???

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5
Q

Timeline: How old are the oldest sponge & invertebrate embryo fossils?

A

570 MYA

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6
Q

Timeline: How old are the oldest vertebrate fossils?

A

550 MYA

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7
Q

Timeline: When did the cambrian explosion occur?

A

540 MYA

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8
Q

Timeline: the 1st terrestrial arthropods evolved how long ago?

A

425 MYA

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9
Q

Timeline: The 1st wingest insects and earliest terrestrial tetrapods (vertebrates) evolved how long ago?

A

413 MYA

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10
Q

Timeline: Dinosaurs appeared how long ago?

A

225 MYA

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11
Q

Timeline: Birds appeared how long ago?

A

185 MYA

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12
Q

Timeline: Hominids (“Ardi”) appeared how long ago?

A

4.4 MYA

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13
Q

Timeline: How long ago did Homo sapiens appear?

A

~0.4 MYA

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14
Q

What is classification?

A

arrangement into groups according to established criteria

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15
Q

What is Biological Classification?

A

grouping beings according to their actual evolutionary relationship.

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16
Q

What is systematics?

A

grouping of species by similarity & evolutionary relatedness

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17
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

every species is given a 2 part name
species name = Genus + specific epithet
ex) Homo sapiens

18
Q

What is a Biological species?

A

members of a species reproduce with each other but do not interbreed with other species. subspecies arising through geographic separation can still interbreed with viable offspring but slight gene diff

19
Q

Name the hierarchical classification in order.

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

20
Q

What data is used for classification?

A

Morphology
Ecological characteristics
fossils
molecular information

21
Q

What is morphology?

What is the problem with using it for classification?

A

external & internal anatomy,embryology

Problem: if similar morphology not due to close relationship

22
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

This is when 2+ species evolve the same feature, separate from one another.
(ie. they have a common ancestor w/o the feature)

23
Q

When a feature evolves more than once, what is it called? Give an example.

A

analogous

“Wings” - birds & bats

24
Q

What is a homologous feature? Give an example.

A

a feature present in a common ancestor

“forelimbs” - birds & humans

25
Q

What are some ecological characteristics?

What is the problem with using this for classification?

A

Habitat, niche, behavior, phenology, geographic range

Problem: best for lower categories (ie. genus)

26
Q

How is the fossil record useful in classification?

what is the problem with using it for classification?

A

Usefulness: helps determine sequence of appearance, useful for extinct species (common ancestors) & good record of taxa with hardened body

problem: only ~10% of invertebrates fossilize well

27
Q

What is molecular evidence in classification?

A

Physiological: enzyme structure, biochemical pathways
Genetic: chromosonal banding patterns, DNA sequence

28
Q

What is the problem with using molecular evidence for classification?

A

Difficult to detect convergent evolution
difficult to extract DNA
mutation rates not known for all taxa
rates very w/in geologic periods (punctuated equilibrium)

29
Q

What is the exaptation concept?

A

New complex adaptations don’t appear in a single mutation.
Adaptations are modifications of preexisting inherited structure that may have evolved for other purposes.
New adaptations evolve in progression of useful intermediate stages

30
Q

What is the evolution of feathers? State the possible intermediate stages.

A

Cold-blooded dinosaurs with flattened scale for protection.
IS: insulation for warm-blooded dinosaurs
IS: Sexual displays
Winged Dinosaur glides w/feathered forelimb
Birds diverge, specialized for flight

31
Q

Explain the lifecycle of the Unionid Clam.

A

Adults nearly sessile
sperm is expelled & taken in by female
gravid female grows a fish lure
fish bites lure causing clam to spray larvae into its mouth
larvae attach to gills then drop at maturity

32
Q

name the 3 classification methods

A

“Classical” taxonomy
Phenetics
Cladistics

33
Q

What is the goal of Classical taxonomy?

What is the problem?

A

compares the morphology of “best” features (based on expert opinion) to find overall similarity and relatedness

problem: expert opinion is subjective. bad traits may be chosen (ex. “wings” belong to bats & birds; convergent evolution)

34
Q

What is the goal of Phenetics?

made in 1950s

A

eliminate subjectivity, classify by similarity

not based on relatedness
as many traits as possible are used in computer programs to calculate similarity index; shows “best fit”

evolutionary biologists hate this

35
Q

What is the diagram in Phenetics called?

A

Phenogram

36
Q

What is the problem with phenetics?

A
  • different computer programs calculate “best fit” differently
  • ignores evolutionary relationships
  • uses convergent characteristics
37
Q

What is the goal of Cladistics?

made in 1950s-60s

A

Eliminate subjectivity, show relatedness

  • uses many traits, but only ones showing evolutionary relationships
  • computer programs estimate relatedness
38
Q

What is the diagram in cladistics called?

A

cladogram

39
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

a complete group and all their decendents that have the same ancestor

reptiles are not monophyletic, birds evolved from them

40
Q

What is an apomorphic feature?

A

Wings, modified scales

feature that evolved within a group

41
Q

What is a pleisiomorphic feature?

A

scales

feature that evolved at the base of a study group

Invertebrate Zoology (5 decks)

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