PROTOZOA Flashcards
neospora caninum effects which animals?
cattle - abortion
dogs - puppies mainly, HL paresis
descr the 5 major routes of transmission of neospora
- dog eats bradyzoites in bovine tissue = no dz
- dog ingest bradyzoites and they sexually replicate in GIT and shed oocysts
- oocysts excreted in poo –> ingested by cattle
- tachy and brady replicate asexually after ingestion and the tachyz cross placenta –> abortion in cows
what are the clinical signs seen in dogs with neospora?
puppies = HL paresis, dysphagia, ataxia dogs = abnormal, neuro, seizures, myocarditis, pancreatitis
how do you treat neospora
clindamycin
dec the basic lifecycle of isospora spp. also include the control of isospora
DIRECT poo-face transm sporulated oocysts in poo ingested d+ in young animals control = sulphonamides
desc the basic lifecycle and features of sarcocystis spp
2 x host
sporulated oocysts in poo
sarcocyst in IH (ruminant) muscle
meat condemnation
what is a sporulted oocyst?
contains 2 x sporocysts each with 4 x sporozoites inside
describe the basic lifecycle of giardia spp
infective cysts ingested
become trophozoites in SI
t-zoites multiply asexually
multinucleated cysts are shed in faeces
what is a trophozoites and what parasites is associated?
giardia (everything is a cute face) asexually replicating 8 flagellae adhesive disk to attach bi-nucleated
what is the pathogenesis of giardia?
the t-zoites erode villi
–> malabs and steatoic diarrhoea
travellers d+
how is giardia infection treated?
metronidazole or fenbendazole
what does tritrichomonas foetus cause?
abortion and infertility in cows
what does trichomonas foetus cause?
d+ and colitits in cats
what is an apicomplexan parasite? name some
one with organelle at apex which allows cell penetration
- sarcocystis
- babesia
- toxoplasma
- isospora
- cryptosporidium
- malaria
describe the morphology of babesia
within host RBC
2 x merozoites (pear-shaped = piroplasm)
attached to apical complex
desc a basic lifecycle of babesia
merogony (merozoites divide asexually)
IH (tick) ingests iRBC
sexual repro in tick
sporogony = sporozoites made (in ticks salivary glands)
s-zoites inserted into blood and become merozoites in RBC again
name the two species of tick which transmit canine babesiosis
dermacentor reticularis
rhipencephalus sanguineus ++
what is the pathogenesis of canine babesia?
acute = fever, anaemia from haemolyis, splenomegaly
can lead to SIRS and M. organ dysf
how can you ID intra-RBC parasites
giemsa staining
how is babesia treated?
imidocarb (urea derivitive, anti-protozoan agent)
how are ticks controlled?
fipronil; fluralaner (bravecto); imidacloprid and flumethrin collars
what 2 human diseases are caused by leishmania
cutaenous - aleppo button, self limiting
visceral - systemic, fatal.
describe a basic leishmania lifecycle
amaztigote multiply in mphages (lose flagella)
- this has both kinetoplast and nucleus
sandflies transmit
they take up amastigote –> promastigote (with flagella)
infect new host when bites
what is the pathogenesis of leishmania
kg loss immunocomp most at risk alopecia exofoliative dematitis XS nail growth (tap, not same as distemper tho) chronic long incubation p lesions @ m-cut jcts - find parasites here in mphages
how is leishmania treated?
allopurinol (lifelong) - 10mg/kg/12hrs
miltefosine - 2mg/kg
prevention of leishmania?
domperidone = prophylactic tx, can be given for 30d 2-3x year
avoid dawn/dusk wooded areas
deltamethrin collar
insecticides in house
what are the 2 most common dz reported in the PETScheme
leishmania
erlichiosis
what are the 2 types of babesia, name an example of each
small (B. gibsoni) and large (B. canis)
what is significant about the tx of each babesia type
small = no effective tx, and they are more pathogenic large = imidocarb v effective
name the feline babesia and how do you treat it
B. felis + Primaquine phosphate
what is the most pathogenic babesia
B. rossi - africa. uncomplicated and complicated forms. very poor px.
what are the common symptoms of babesia
fever, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and possible liver and kidney dz
Name 2 anthroponotic leishmanias
L. tropica
L. donovani
how can leishmania be best diagnosed?
directly - find amastigotes in BM, LN, spleen and serum, histo and PCR
which immune response will provide best immunity to leishmania
Th1 - support the CMI, needed as the mphage must b activated to degranulate and expel amastigotes. Th2 usually predominates in already unwell dogs.
what are the 4 stages of leishmaniasis infection
a - exposed, no detectable sign
b - infected, can be detected, but no dz
c - ill, responsive to tx in 1mth
d - sick and renal failure, unresponsive to tx
