PROTOZOA

Question 1

neospora caninum effects which animals?

Answer 1

cattle - abortion

dogs - puppies mainly, HL paresis

Question 2

descr the 5 major routes of transmission of neospora

Answer 2

1. dog eats bradyzoites in bovine tissue = no dz
2. dog ingest bradyzoites and they sexually replicate in GIT and shed oocysts
3. oocysts excreted in poo –> ingested by cattle
4. tachy and brady replicate asexually after ingestion and the tachyz cross placenta –> abortion in cows

Question 3

what are the clinical signs seen in dogs with neospora?

Answer 3

puppies = HL paresis, dysphagia, ataxia
dogs = abnormal, neuro, seizures, myocarditis, pancreatitis

Question 4

how do you treat neospora

Answer 4

clindamycin

Question 5

dec the basic lifecycle of isospora spp. also include the control of isospora

Answer 5

DIRECT
poo-face transm
sporulated oocysts in poo ingested
d+ in young animals
control = sulphonamides

Question 6

desc the basic lifecycle and features of sarcocystis spp

Answer 6

2 x host
sporulated oocysts in poo
sarcocyst in IH (ruminant) muscle
meat condemnation

Question 7

what is a sporulted oocyst?

Answer 7

contains 2 x sporocysts each with 4 x sporozoites inside

Question 8

describe the basic lifecycle of giardia spp

Answer 8

infective cysts ingested
become trophozoites in SI
t-zoites multiply asexually
multinucleated cysts are shed in faeces

Question 9

what is a trophozoites and what parasites is associated?

Answer 9

giardia (everything is a cute face)
asexually replicating
8 flagellae
adhesive disk to attach
bi-nucleated

Question 10

what is the pathogenesis of giardia?

Answer 10

the t-zoites erode villi
–> malabs and steatoic diarrhoea
travellers d+

Question 11

how is giardia infection treated?

Answer 11

metronidazole or fenbendazole

Question 12

what does tritrichomonas foetus cause?

Answer 12

abortion and infertility in cows

Question 13

what does trichomonas foetus cause?

Answer 13

d+ and colitits in cats

Question 14

what is an apicomplexan parasite? name some

Answer 14

one with organelle at apex which allows cell penetration

• sarcocystis
• babesia
• toxoplasma
• isospora
• cryptosporidium
• malaria

Question 15

describe the morphology of babesia

Answer 15

within host RBC
2 x merozoites (pear-shaped = piroplasm)
attached to apical complex

Question 16

desc a basic lifecycle of babesia

Answer 16

merogony (merozoites divide asexually)
IH (tick) ingests iRBC
sexual repro in tick
sporogony = sporozoites made (in ticks salivary glands)
s-zoites inserted into blood and become merozoites in RBC again

Question 17

name the two species of tick which transmit canine babesiosis

Answer 17

dermacentor reticularis

rhipencephalus sanguineus ++

Question 18

what is the pathogenesis of canine babesia?

Answer 18

acute = fever, anaemia from haemolyis, splenomegaly

can lead to SIRS and M. organ dysf

Question 19

how can you ID intra-RBC parasites

Answer 19

giemsa staining

Question 20

how is babesia treated?

Answer 20

imidocarb (urea derivitive, anti-protozoan agent)

Question 21

how are ticks controlled?

Answer 21

fipronil; fluralaner (bravecto); imidacloprid and flumethrin collars

Question 22

what 2 human diseases are caused by leishmania

Answer 22

cutaenous - aleppo button, self limiting

visceral - systemic, fatal.

Question 23

describe a basic leishmania lifecycle

Answer 23

amaztigote multiply in mphages (lose flagella)
- this has both kinetoplast and nucleus
sandflies transmit
they take up amastigote –> promastigote (with flagella)
infect new host when bites

Question 24

what is the pathogenesis of leishmania

Answer 24

kg loss
immunocomp most at risk
alopecia
exofoliative dematitis
XS nail growth (tap, not same as distemper tho)
chronic
long incubation p
lesions @ m-cut jcts - find parasites here in mphages

Question 25

how is leishmania treated?

Answer 25

allopurinol (lifelong) - 10mg/kg/12hrs

miltefosine - 2mg/kg

Question 26

prevention of leishmania?

Answer 26

domperidone = prophylactic tx, can be given for 30d 2-3x year
avoid dawn/dusk wooded areas
deltamethrin collar
insecticides in house

Question 27

what are the 2 most common dz reported in the PETScheme

Answer 27

leishmania

erlichiosis

Question 28

what are the 2 types of babesia, name an example of each

Answer 28

small (B. gibsoni) and large (B. canis)

Question 29

what is significant about the tx of each babesia type

Answer 29

small = no effective tx, and they are more pathogenic
large = imidocarb v effective

Question 30

name the feline babesia and how do you treat it

Answer 30

B. felis + Primaquine phosphate

Question 31

what is the most pathogenic babesia

Answer 31

B. rossi - africa. uncomplicated and complicated forms. very poor px.

Question 32

what are the common symptoms of babesia

Answer 32

fever, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly

haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and possible liver and kidney dz

Question 33

Name 2 anthroponotic leishmanias

Answer 33

L. tropica

L. donovani

Question 34

how can leishmania be best diagnosed?

Answer 34

directly - find amastigotes in BM, LN, spleen and serum, histo and PCR

Question 35

which immune response will provide best immunity to leishmania

Answer 35

Th1 - support the CMI, needed as the mphage must b activated to degranulate and expel amastigotes. Th2 usually predominates in already unwell dogs.

Question 36

what are the 4 stages of leishmaniasis infection

Answer 36

a - exposed, no detectable sign
b - infected, can be detected, but no dz
c - ill, responsive to tx in 1mth
d - sick and renal failure, unresponsive to tx