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Animal Disease 1 > Protozoa 2 > Flashcards

Protozoa 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of protozoa is Eimeria?

A

Coccidia

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2
Q

What is Eimeria called if it is in the caecum?

A

Eimeria tenella

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3
Q

What type of lifecycle is Eimeria?

A

Direct

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4
Q

What are the hosts of Eimeria?

A

Chicken, infected by ingesting sporulated oocysts

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5
Q

Outline the lifecycle of Eimeria?

A
  1. Unsporulated egg passed out of intestine.
  2. Sporulation > sporocysts
  3. Ingestion
  4. Sporozoites released
  5. Enter gut epithelial cells
  6. Schizogony
  7. New parasites/merozoites
  8. Schizogony
  9. Develop microgametes for males and macrogametes for females
  10. Fertilisation
  11. Zygote
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6
Q

What is the PPP of Eimeria?

A

3-5 days

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7
Q

What does Eimeria tenella cause?

A

Thickening of the mucosa
Inflammation
Haemorrhage
Necrosis

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8
Q

What type of protozoa is toxoplasma gondii?

A

Apicomplexa

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9
Q

What type of lifecycle does toxoplasma gondii have?

A

Usually direct

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10
Q

What are the hosts of toxoplasma gondii?

A

DH = cat
IH = rodent or bird

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11
Q

Is toxoplasma gondii zoonotic?

A

Yes

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12
Q

How log does it take for toxoplama gondii oocysts to sporulate?

A

1-5 days

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13
Q

What are the two forms of toxoplasma gondii found in outside the IH GI tract?

A

Tachyzoite
Bradyzoite

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14
Q

Distinguish tachyzoites and bradyzoites.

A

Tachyzoites - rapidly multiply, crescent shaped, move by apical movement

Bradyzoites - slow growing, clusters within tissue cysts in muscle and brain, can reactivate back into tachyzoites in immunocompromised hosts

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15
Q

Why is toxoplasma gondii infection most common in sheep and goats?

A

Affects non-immune pregnant females with baortion and foetal abnormality:

  • Early to mid gestation = barren ewe, abortion and mummification
  • Late gestation = still born or weak lambs
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16
Q

Distinguish the sporulated oocysts of Eimeria and Toxoplasma gondii.

A

Eimeria = 4 sporocysts contain 2 sporozoites

Toxoplasma gondii = 2 sporocysts contain 4 sporozoites

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17
Q

How can humans become infected with toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • Eating raw or undercooked meat
  • Ingesting oocysts
  • Faeces of cat
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18
Q

What are the consequences of toxoplasmosis in humans?

A
  • Tachyzoites fatal in very young, very old or AIDS/HIV
  • Congenital infection with symptoms later in life
  • Healthy person = fly like symptoms
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19
Q

Outline the lifecycle of toxoplasma gondii.

A
  1. Oocysts passed in cat faeces
  2. Ingested by IH
  3. Tachyzoite
  4. Bradyzoite
  5. Endogeny
  6. DH ingests IH
  7. Gametogony
  8. Fertilised zygote
  9. Oocysts passed in cat faeces
  10. Can pass to sheep and goats, causing abortion and foetal abnormalities.
  11. Human ingests oocysts in raw/undercooked meat.
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20
Q

What type of protozoa is neospora caninum?

A

Coccidia

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21
Q

What are the hosts of neospora caninum?

A

DH = dog, via eating raw meat or placenta of cattle

IH = cattle, via ingesting sporulated oocysts in dog faeces or contaminated food/water

22
Q

What are the effects of neospora caninum?

A

Dog = most severe in puppies, causes paralysis

Cattle = abortion, congenitally infected

23
Q

What are the accidental hosts of neospora caninum?

A

Horse, sheep, goat

24
Q

Why can the lifecycle of neospora caninum continue without the definitive host?

A

Calf born congenitally infected via endo transplacental transmission seem fine and then bradyzoites reactivate during pregnancy.

25
Q

What type of protozoa is babesia?

A

Piroplasm (apicomplexa)

26
Q

What is the host and vector of babesia canis?

A

DH = dog

Vector = dermacentor reticulatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus

27
Q

How is babesia diagnosed?

A

Blood smear, as it is a parasite of rapid division in the red blood cells

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of babesia canis?

A

1-2 weeks post tick feeding

Anaemia
Fever
Haemoglobinuria

29
Q

Outline the lifecycle of babesia canis.

A
  1. Tick feeds on dog
  2. Sporozoites penetrate RBCs
  3. Binary fission (asexual)
  4. Merozoites released
  5. Tick consumes blood
  6. Multiply in tick gut cells and salivary glands as well
  7. Sporozoites released in tick saliva
30
Q

Use babesia as an example to distinguish transstadial and transovarial transmission.

A

TS - disease can die out without the host effected by disease goes, pasture spelling gets rid

TO - eggs come readily infected, resting pasture will not prevent, survives in vertical transmission within ticks and so are a reservoir of disease

31
Q

What is the host and vector of babesia divergens?

A

DH = cattle

Vector = ixodes ricinus

32
Q

How is babesia divergens diagnosed?

A

Blood smear - abnormal inclusions within red blood corpuscles

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of babesia divergens?

A

Anaemia
Haemogloburinuria
Anorexia

34
Q

How does babesia divergens have enzootic stability?

A

A stage of host-tick pathogen interaction with a high infection in calves but absence of disease due t inverse age resistance = high immunity in adult cattle, so low levels of clinical disease.

35
Q

What is a risk factor of babesia divergens?

A

Adults without immunity become very sick, fluctuation in tick numbers

36
Q

Describe how to control bovine babesiosis.

A

Ensure tick exposure before 6 months

37
Q

What type of protozoa is leishmania?

A

Flagellate

38
Q

What are the hosts and vectors of leishmania?

A

Hosts = dog, human, wild animals

Vector = bloodsucking phlebotomine sandfly

39
Q

What does leishmania infect?

A

Host macrophages

40
Q

Describe the epidemiology of leishmania.

A

Mediterranean Europe, Africa, Asia, America. Risk factor is dogs imported to UK, like rescues.

41
Q

What is the incubation period of leishmania?

A

Months to years

42
Q

What are the clinical signs and pathology of leishmania?

A

Anaemia
Weight loss
Lethargy
Skin lesions

43
Q

What type of protozoa is trypanosoma brucei?

A

Flagellate

44
Q

What are the hosts and vectors of trypanosoma brucei?

A

Hosts = production animals and humans

Vector = tsetse fly

45
Q

What disease does trypanosoma brucei cause in humans and animals?

A

Humans = sleeping sickness/African trypanosomiasis. Extreme fatigue, headache.

Animals = Nagana. Anaemia, fever

46
Q

Why can trypanosoma brucei evade host immune response?

A

Antigenic variation - variable surface glycoprotein coat genes

47
Q

What type of protozoa is giardia?

A

Flagellate

48
Q

Is giardia zoonotic?

A

Yes

49
Q

Outline the lifecycle of trypanosoma brucei.

A

Direct:

  1. Ingest mature cyst
  2. Excystment in duodenum
  3. Trophozoites attach with suckers to small intestine
  4. Cysts mature in colon and faeces
50
Q

What are the clinical signs of giardia?

A

Diarrhoea in dog, human and bird. This is because trophozoites block absorption mechanically.

Animal Disease 1 (25 decks)

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