Protozoa

Question 1

What are protozoa?

Answer 1

One celled animals, single cell with nucleus (eukaryotic)

Question 2

Classification by shape: 5 major groups

Answer 2

Flagellates, Amoebae, Sporozoa, Microsporidia, Cilliates

Question 3

Example of flagellate

Answer 3

African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping bite)

Question 4

What are symptoms of African Trypanosomiasis?

Answer 4

Chancre (painless ulcer), flu-like symptoms, CNS involvement (sleepy, confusion, personality change)

Question 5

American Trypanosomiasis “Chagas Disease”

Answer 5

Spread by triatomine, it defecates, you itch/rub it in, gets into bloodstream.

Question 6

Symptoms of Amreican Trypanosomiasis

Answer 6

Acute: flu-like symptoms

Chronic (can lie dormant and reo-activate): Cardiomyopathy, Megaoesophagus, Megacolon

Question 7

Leishmaniasis is spread by…

Answer 7

the sandfly

Question 8

Leishmaniasis can cause 3 different clinical pictures:

Answer 8

Cutaneous (ulcer at site of bite, scarring)

Mucocutaneous (ulceration and destruction of mucous membranes)

Visceral (replication occurs in spleen, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anaemia, weight loss, fever)

Question 9

Trichomonas vaginalis is s____ transmitted

Answer 9

sexually

Question 10

Symptoms of trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 10

Dysuria, yellow frothy discharge, fertility issues

Question 11

How is trichomonas vaginalis managed?

Answer 11

Metronidazole and contact tracing

Question 12

How is Giardia spread?

Answer 12

Faeco-orally

Question 13

Symptoms of Giardia

Answer 13

Diarrhoea, cramps, bloating, flatulence, trophozoites/cysts seen in stool

Question 14

After having Giardia, can have intolerance to…

Answer 14

lactose

Question 15

What antibiotic is used to treat giardia?

Answer 15

Metronidazole

Question 16

Entamoeba histolytica is spread…

Answer 16

faeco-orally

Question 17

Symptoms of amoebiasis

Answer 17

Dysentry, colitis, liver and lung abscesses

Question 18

Cryptosporidiosis is w_____ and causes diarrhoea, vomiting, fever and weight loss

Answer 18

waterborne

Question 19

What is seen in stool with cryptosporidiosis?

Answer 19

Oocytes

Question 20

Toxoplasmosis is spread by…

Answer 20

Ingestion of contaminated food and water, feline faeces

Question 21

What can toxoplasmosis cause?

Answer 21

Disseminated disease, toxoplasma encephalitis, chorioretinitis

Question 22

What is advised in pregnancy to prevent toxoplasmosis?

Answer 22

Avoiding raw or cured meats, avoid unpasteurised goats milk products, wear gloves and wash hands or avoid gardening or cleaning cat litter trays

Question 23

What is the most common reason for fever on return from travel?

Answer 23

Malaria

Question 24

How many species of malaria cause human disease?

Answer 24

5
(plasmodium…falciparum
ovale, vivax, malariae, knowlesi

Question 25

How is malaria diagnosed?

Answer 25

Light microscopy on blood film to see trophozoite. Thick screen is low resolution but determines presence of malaria. Thin screen identifies which species.

Question 26

Other symptoms of malaria (other than fever)

Answer 26

Chills, headache, myalgia, fatigue, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdo pain

Question 27

Malaria signs

Answer 27

Anaemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, Black water fever (haemoglobin passes into urine so becomes very dark)

Question 28

Brief outline of malaria cycle

Answer 28

Mosquito bites infected human and ingests plasmodium gametocytes. Develops in midguts , sporozoites in salivary glands. Injects in next bite Sprozoites infects hepatocytes. Develops into schizont, burst and infects RBCs. Becomes trophozoite. Develops into a schizont, ruptures and infects another RBC. Some trophozoites develop into gaetocytes.

Question 29

Malaria causes haemolysis causing...

Answer 29

Anaemia and jaundice from bilirubinaemia

Question 30

Certain type of malaria, P.falciparum is more complicated due to infected RBCs increased ability to...

Answer 30

adhere to endothelial cells

Question 31

Small vessels can become obstructed by clumps of RBCs causing

Answer 31

hypoxia, microinfacts in brain and lung

Question 32

Vascular occlusion causes

Answer 32

drowsiness (systemic hypoglycaemia), raised intracranial pressure, seizures, coma and death.

Question 33

Anaemia and lacticacidosis can cause t_____ through compensatory mechanisms

Answer 33

tachypnoea

Question 34

Increased vascular permeability in lungs causes

Answer 34

pulmonary oedema

Question 35

Renal failure can occur due to...

Answer 35

vascular occlusion, hypoperfusion secondary to dehydration or hypotension, haemolysis creating nephrotoxic products.

Question 36

Reduced circulating platelets is due to...

Answer 36

thrombocytopenia and platelet aggregation