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1
Q

How can you determine the difference between plasmodium vivax and malariae?

A

After mature ring form vivax becomes a thropozoite and has 12-24 merozoites.
Malariae in contrast a band form and only 6-12 merozoites.

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2
Q

What is the insect vector of leishmania?

A

Phlebotomus papatasii (sand fly)

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3
Q

Describe Giardia Lamblia structure

A

two nuclei, 8 flagella, adhesive disk

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4
Q

Definitive host of toxoplasma gondii?

A

felidae family (Cats)

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5
Q

What is the structure of Trypanosoma?

A

Flagellum, nucleus, blepharoplast + parabasal body = kinetoplast, undulating membrane

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6
Q

What is the structure of Trichomonas

A

Oval, pear shape, all similar structure but different sizes
4 flagella, undulating membrane, costa, nucleus, axostyle
( t.Vaginalis 15-30um, tenax 6-10um)

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7
Q

What is the name of the parasite that uses phlebotomiae as a vector?

A

Genus Leishmania (L. donovani, brasiliensis, tropica)

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8
Q

Latin name for kala-azar, black fever and dumdum fever

A

Visceral leishmaniasis

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9
Q

What is the latin name of Protozoa parasite transmitted by flies from genus glossina

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense & rhodesiense

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10
Q

Intestinal protozoa belong to which phylum?

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Subphylum Sarcodina

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11
Q

Write the name of parasite with undulating membrane which is transmitted by
bloodsucking insect

A

Trypanosoma Brucei

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12
Q

Vector for trypanosoma brucei

A

Glossina sp. (tse-tse fly)

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13
Q

What unicellular parasite can form a cyst

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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14
Q

Latin name for sleeping sickness and how are humans affected?

A

African trypanosomiasis, When tsetse fly (glossina) takes blood meal it injects
metacyclic trypomastigotes into the human bloodstream

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15
Q

Name 3 insect vectors that are infectious

A

Anopheles, Triatoma, Phlebotomus, Glossina

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16
Q

Life stages of a mosquito

A

Eggs, First larval stage, Second Larval stage, Third larval stage, Fourth larval stage, Pupal
stage, Adult

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17
Q

Form of plasmodium falciparum found in blood

A

Immature trophozoite (Ring form) and gametocytes

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18
Q

A parasite with an undulating membrane that infects liver

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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19
Q

Name of disease for trichomonas tenax

A

No disease, but can worse preexisting periodontal disease

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20
Q

How can you detect plasmodium malariae and falciparum on blood sample

A

Plasmodium malariae: Merozoites invade only old erythrocytes, schizont is slightly smaller
than a normal erythrocyte, large ring form that forms a band form; merozoites are 6-12 and
in rosette
P. falciparum: The
erythrocytes are not enlarged, more than one plasmodium in a cell and ring stage is with
double chromatin dots. You can also see Maurer’s dots, has banana shaped gametocytes

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21
Q

Name a form of plasmodium falciparum found in blood

A

Rings and gametocytes

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22
Q

What causes sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei, transmitted by Glossina (tse Tse fly)

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23
Q

Name a unicellular parasite which has a cyst

A

Taxoplasma gondii

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24
Q

How can trichomonas vaginales infect humans

A

Sexually

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25
Q

Write the latin name of a protozoan parasite with undulating membrane and
insect vector

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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26
Q

Which member of phylum Sarcomastigophora causes sleeping sickness? Write
its latin name and describe how it moves

A

trypanosoma brucei, moves by flagellum

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27
Q

Describe the erythrocytic schizogony of plasmodium viva

A

schizogony = when the merozoites invaded the red blood cells and undergo another asexual cycle.

During that stage the merozoites develop to form immature or ring stage trophozoites, which mature to trophozoites.
Then they develop into schizonts.

At the end of the cycle the RBC burst, releasing merozoites. They can either infect
another RBC or develop into gametocytes

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28
Q

Which parasite causes visceral leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania donovani

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29
Q

Describe the life cycle of plasmodium vivax

A

Anopheles injects sporozoites into human during blood meal. Infect liver cells, mature into
schizonts, rupture and release merozoites. (Vivax also has a dormant stage (hypnozoites) in
liver). After the exo.erythocytic cycle the merozoites infect red blood cells (erythrocytic cycle)
and turn into ring stage trophozoites, that mature into schizonzs, rupture and release
merozoites. Then they differentiate into gametocytes. They are ingested by anopheles during
blood meal. In mosquitos stomach they form zygotes, which become motile ookinetes, which
invade midgut and develop into oocysts. They grow, rupture and release sporozoites, which
go to salivary glands. Get injected during next blood meal

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30
Q

Which member of phylum Sarcomastigophora causes dysentery? Write its latin name and
describe how it moves ?

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Moves by pseudopodia

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31
Q

Describe the differences between cysts, oocysts and sporocysts of toxoplasma gondii

A

Cysts: Bradyzoites form cysts mainly in brain, liver and muscles. If the prey gets ingested by
cat they release bradyzoites in stomach and intestine
Oocysts: Bradyzoites differentiate into gametocytes, they fuse, form a zygote that matures
into an oocyst
Sporocysts: If an oocysts is ingested it releases sporozoites that differentiate into tachyzoites
and invades tissue

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32
Q

Describe three ways for infection of human by toxoplasma gondii

A

Raw or undercooked meat containing cysts
ingesting water, soil or food contaminated with oocysts
Transmission from mother to fetus
Blood transfusions

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33
Q

Describe the life cycle of trypanosoma brucei gambiense and explain the way of infection

A

Tse Tse fly (glossina) takes blood meal on human or other mammal and injects metaclyclis
trypomastigotes into skin tissue. Parasite enters lymphatic system and bloodstream. They
become bloodstream trypomastigotes and are carried throughout the body and reach other
body fluids (eg lymph or spinal fluid). They replicate via binary fission. When another Tse Tse
fly takes blood meal it becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes. They transform
in the fly’s midgut into procyclic trypomastigotes and multiply by binary fission, leave the
midgut and become epimastigotes. They reach fly’s salivary glands, continue
multiplication and transform to metaclyclic trypomastigotes.

34
Q

Where does leishmania donovani live in the human body? Write the latin name of the insect
vector

A

Parasite migrates to the internal organs, eg liver, spleen and bone marrow.
Insect vector: Phlebotomus papatasii (sand fly)

35
Q

T.Gondi what kind of reproduction?

A

Endogeny- cell division of 2 daughter cells in mother

36
Q

Life cycle of T.Gondi?

A

1.intermediate hosts infected after injecting soil/water/plant material containing oocysts
2. cat gets infected after eating tissue cysts in rats/otheranimals
3. oocysts transform into tachyzoites after injestion and develop into tissue cyst bradyzoites
4. Bradyzoites realeased into s intestine + undergo schizogony
5. This forms merozoites + they enter other tissues outside the intestine + form tissue cysts in other organs in body
6. other merozoites transform into M+F gameteocyts + gameotogony begins (macrogamete fertilized my microgamete to form oocyst.
7. Oocyst mature (sporulation) in soil after excreation of host through feaces.
8. it has 8 sporozoites ( infestive stage)
9. they are injested by intermediate hosts + cycle repeats :(

37
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (sporoza) are all intracellular parasites. What special structure do they have?

A

Has apical complex on one of the poles

They are a group of cytoskeletal structures and membrane organelles

Involved in attachement ton host cell, penetration, rearrangemnt of organelles and parasite proliferation (rapid increase)

Consists of conoid, apical ring, rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules

38
Q

Apicomplexa does both asexual and sexual reproduction by which processes?

A

Schizony-asexual by multiple mitotic divisions cells produced called merozoites

Gametogony- sexual by meisos forming gametes

sporogony- produces sporozoites by repeated mitotic divisions of zygote (infective stage)

39
Q

Genus Plasmodium causes malaria. What do their cycles normally involve?

A

vector= female mosquito
During blood meal, the parasite is injected into host
in humans, the parasite multiplies in the liver
They enter bloodstream and infect red blood cells= malaria

40
Q

Phylum sarcomastigophora has 2 subphyla. What are they and the differences?

A

Mastigophora- These have flagella for movement. some flagella connected to cell membrane by undulating membrane
Sarcodina- uses pseudopodia for movement

41
Q

Why does T.Brucei need to stay in the blood when it can attack CNS?

A

So glossina fly can suck the blood and transmit disease

42
Q

L.dovani disease, vector, host

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis
Plebotomine sandflies
hosts can be rodents or dog like carnivores

43
Q

Entamoeba histolyica: Where does protozoa live, infective stage disease

A

Intestinal parasite
infective stage is cysts transmitted by contaminated water and food
disease= amebiasis

44
Q

Phylum ciliophora are large cells that live in lakes, oceans, river etc. What are their 2 different nuclei?

A

small diploid micronucleus for reproduction
large polypoid macronucleus for cell regulation

45
Q

Which is the only ciliate known to be parasite in humans?

A

Balantidium coli- also the largest

46
Q

Apicomplexa has specific mitotic mechanisms. What are they?

A

Endodyogeny-2 daughter cells formed inside mother cell

Endoplygeny-multiple daughter cells formed inside mother

47
Q

5 species of the Genus Plasmodium causes malaria. Name 3 of them.

A

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium falciparum
*main causes

Plasmodium malariae

48
Q

Genus Leishmania has 2 forms. What are they?

A

amastigote (intracellular) form in vertabrae host
promastigote(extracellular) from in sandlfy vector

49
Q

Life cycle of L.donovani

A

Sandlfy will inject promastigotes into host (by taking blood meal)
Leishmania is a intracellular parasite but has no mechanism to direclty infect host, MACROPHAGES engulf the promastigote
Transforms to amastigote to multiply in cells
Sandfly takes another meal ingesting the infected macrophages
Transforms to promastigotes and cycle continues

50
Q

Genus Trichomonas: which are harmless and which are not

A

T.tenax (commensal)
T.homini (commensal)
T.vaginalis(parasite)

51
Q

Giardia lamblia are parasites in small intestine. What is their infective stage?

A

CYSTS
In the lower part of the intestine, te trophozoite is turned into cysts
they pass out of faeces and 1 host can produce many cysts

52
Q

Genus Entamoeba belongs to what subphylum?

A

Sarcodina
The members are either internal parasites or commensals in the gut

53
Q

How does some protozoa divide by mitosis?

A

The micronucleus divides by mitosis
The macronucleus justs splits into 2

54
Q

T. Brucei disease, vector, host

A

Sleeping sickness
vector is the glossina fly
host is african mammals

55
Q

How does T.Cruzi cause disease ( life cycle baso)

A

Bug takes blood meal and trypomasrigate enters through faeces of insect
Inside the human cells they transform into AMASTIGOTES which are intracellular and can multiply in host cells
Then transforms back into trpomastigotes and enter bloodstream again
Bug bites again and trypomasrigotes in bug now
Turns into epimastigotes in bug midgut
Forms trypomastigotes then process continues :)

56
Q

What is the only reservoir for trichomonas vaginalis

A

human genital tract
transmitted through sexual/genital contact
may be asymptomatic in male but inflammation of vagina, urethra and cervix for female

57
Q

Does the Balantidium coli affect healthy people?

A

No, it is commensal in healthy individuals
But parasite affect people with malnutrition + compromised immune system, colon dysfunction

58
Q

What type of reproduction does Balantidium coli do?

A

Asexual- Binary fission
Sexual- conjugation where haploid micronucleus exchanges

59
Q

After pentration, Apicomplexa creates a parasitophorous vacuole to survive within host cells. What does this involve?

A

Proteins secreted by parasite causes host cell to relocate ER, Golgi and mito around the vacuole to provide energy+ molecules to parasite

60
Q

Brief life cycle of Plasmodium

A

Female mosquito injects sporozoite(litch just refers to a form of the parasite) into human
Sporozoite travels to blood and takes up residence in hepatocytes (liver)
They mutiply asexually to form many merozoites. Many merozoites collectively known as shizont.
Merozoites released by hepatocytes (they ruptured) into bloodstream.
These merozoites begin invading RBCs and multiply within them to form more merozoites.The merozoite in the rbc will form into ring like structure then trophozoite
RBC will burst releasing more merozoite
Each time more merozoites form (asexually) and cause cell lysis, this causes chills, sweating, fever
Cycle continues until death due to depletion of RBCs.

OR the merozoite can form into the SEXUAL form of the parasite- GAMETOCYTES. Needs both f+m gametocytes within RBC. Dont do much in blood no lysis
These will only become infective once injected by another mosquito then that mosquito can release sporozoites to another host.

61
Q

T.Gondi 2 types of hosts and its danger to?

A

definitive host: cats (it does sexual repro here)
intermediate host: human/mammals (does asexual repro here)

danger to those with weak immune system and pregnant women

62
Q

Sexual reproduction in cillates and sporozoas. What types of sexual?

A

Conjugation- 2 organisms join and exchange nuclear material

Gametogony/syngamy- m+fem gametocytes form and zygote forms after fertilisation=sporozoites

63
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi: disease, vector, reservoir host

A

Chagas disease
triatoma (kissing bug)
Reservoir are humans or armadillos, rodents, racoons etc
Throughout South America

64
Q

Life cycle of G.Lamblia

A

You ingest cysts
The trophozoite undergoes asexual replication
Cysts and trophozoites expelled in feces
Only cysts can survive outside host not trophozoite
cysts can contaminate food and water
process continues

65
Q

Protozoa do asexual reproduction. What are the types?

A

Binary fission- parasite divides into 2 or more equal number of parasites
Multiple fission/Schizony- Nucleus undergoes several divisions merozoites
Endodyogeny-multiply by internal budding

66
Q

What are the forms of the T. Brucei

A

Trypomastigote (infective stage for vertebral host)
Epimastigote (shorter undulating membrane)
Both extracellular

67
Q

How does the T.Brucei cause disease and why

A

Lives in blood then attacks CNS and cerebral spinal fluid
Brain no immune cells so easy to attack
Brain has blood brain barrier but trypanosomes can get past this
They multiply in cerebral fluid and cause sleeping disease

68
Q

Why is it hard to treat trypanosomes?

A

Antgentic varaibilty
Its hard for us to keep up making new antibodies as their surface protein constanlty changes

69
Q

Give latin name of a protozoan parasite transmitted by cyst

A

Balatidium coli

(not T.gondii that is oocyst)

70
Q

Write latin name of 2 extracellular parasites

A

trypanosoma cruzi

trichamonas vaginalis

trypanosoma brucei

71
Q

2 ways Balantidium coli can reproduce

A

asexual-mitosis
sexual-conjugation where micronucleus exchanged

72
Q

what are the forms of trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

trypamastigote- metacylic and procyclic in host

epimastigote- in hindgut of glossina fly

73
Q

which is the infective stage of plasmodium

A

sporozoites

74
Q

descibe morphology of giardia lamblia

A

8 flagella

2 nuclei

adhesive disk

75
Q

difference between intermediate host and definitive

A

asexual repo in intermediate

sexual repo in definitive

76
Q

life cycle of plasmodium in the vector

A

Anopholes mosquito is the definitive host

Gametocytes form in mosquito after they take blood meal of host with merozoites in blood

male and female gametocytes fuse to form a zygote (sexual)

zygote develops into oocyst.

oocyst undergoes sporogony and forms sporozoites in salivary gland which will infect human when blood meal taken

77
Q

morphology of the 2 forms of leishmania

A

promastigote: elongated, nucleus, terminal kinetoplast and flagellum

amastigotes: rounded spherical shape with no flagella. Has nucleus and kinetoplast

78
Q

morphology of trichomonas vaginalis

A

axostyle

flagella that forms undulating membrane

79
Q

what are the 2 forms of genus Entamoeba

A

trophozoite (also giardia lamblia has this form fyi)

cysts

80
Q

Balantidiu coli, toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica
and giardia lamblia produces cysts

what are the differences

A

balantidium coli- only parasitic CILLATE. micro and macro nucleus (sexual)

toxoplasma gondii- APICOMPLEXA. cysts, oocysts, sporocysts (tachyzoites, bradyzoites)

entamoeba histolytica- subphylum SARCODINA

giardia lamblia- subphylum MASTIGOPHORA

81
Q

2 parasites in phylum apicomplexa

A

toxoplasma gondii

plasmodium

Biology (36 decks)

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