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Cell Biology > Protozoa 1.1 ✅ > Flashcards

Protozoa 1.1 ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

What are “protazoas”?

A

Protozoans are microscopic simple organisms which belong to a group of organisms called protists, (neither plants nor animals).

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2
Q

Where do protazoans exist?

A

On both land and water. They can be paracetic.

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3
Q

Who invented the “five kingdoms”?

A

Whittaker

(HIT TAKER)

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4
Q

What are the Whittaker’s 5 kingdoms?

A

fungi, plants, animals, protists, monerans

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5
Q

What environment do protozoa live in?

A

terrestrial, aquatic or parasitic (in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts)

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6
Q

Explain the structure of protozoa.

A
  • microscopic
  • eukaryotes
  • unicellular eukaryotes
  • display the same essential life activities as eukaryotes
  • have a plasma membrane, cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia
    (the outer surface of protists is called pellicle)
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7
Q

What are the two types of cytoplasm in protozoa?

A

ectoplasm and endoplasm

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8
Q

When is the structure of the cytoplasm best visible?

A

in species with projecting pseudopodia

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9
Q

What is the cell “mouth” called which ingests fluids and macromolecules?

A

cytosome or micropore

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10
Q

What are the forms of movement of protozoa?

A
  • cillia
  • flagellum
  • pseudopodia
  • subpellicular microtubules
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11
Q

Explain the NUTRITION of protozoa.

A

HOLOZOIC NUTRITION: it requires organic material.
- feed on both solid macromolecules as well as dissolved fluids
- feed through pinocytosis and phagocytosis
- feed through structures such as: CYTOSOMES or MICROPORES

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION:
- photosynthesis

MIXOTROPHIC NUTRITION:
- photosynthesis during the daylight
- pinocytosis and phagocytosis during the night time.

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12
Q

Explain the REPRODUCTION of protozoa.

A
  • reproduce both SEXUALLY as well as ASEXUALLY
    asexual examples:
    1) BINARY FISSION:
    (longitudinal in flagellates and transverse in the ciliates (as amoebas have no symmetry )
    2) SCHIZOGONY:
    (nucleus divides, and then the cytoplasm)
  • sexual reproduction

sexual examples:
1) GAMOGONY (must produce a GAMETE)
2) SPOROGONY (formation of an infective sporozoite)

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13
Q

What is the protozoic life limited by?

A

death of the host, or the host’s defence mechanism (eliminating the parasite or balance its reproduction to yield a chronic infection)

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14
Q

State the life cycle stages of a protozoan.

A

TROPHOZOITE.
MEROZOITE.
CYST.

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15
Q

What is trophozoite?

(tropho= feeding, activity and reproduction)

A

It is a stage in the protozoan life cycle. It is characterised by feeding, activity and reproduction.

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16
Q

What is merozoite?

(mero= mom= fisson)

A

It is a stage in the protozoan life cycle. It is the form resulting from fission of a multinucleated schizont)

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17
Q

What is a cyst?

(ew= hard shell, to outside environment)

A

protozoan cyst. infectious form of many protozoan parasites. It is usually passed in the faeces and provided with a highly condensed cytoplasm and resistant cell wall.

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18
Q

What is the resulting stage from sexual reproduction?

A

oocyst

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19
Q

What is “a mode of transmission”?

A

A mode used to transition from one host to another.

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20
Q

What are the four modes of transmission?

A

1) direct (zoite)
2) faecal-oral (zoite-cyst)
3) vector-borne (zoite-zoite)
4) predator pray (zoite-zoite)

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21
Q

Explain the “direct” mode of transmission.

A

intimate body contact (eg. sexual transmission)

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22
Q

Explain the “faecal-oral” mode of transmission.

A

environmentally-resistant cysts are passed in the feaces of one host and ingested by another host with food/water.

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23
Q

Explain the “vector-bourne” mode of transmission.

A

protozoa is taken up by blood-sucking anthropods (ie. mosquitoes), and is passed on the a new host when they next feed.

24
Q

Explain the “predator-pray” mode of transmission.

A

protozoa are encysted (enclosed) in the tissues of pray and are eaten by the predator.

25
Q

What are the different phyla of protozoa?

A

1) Phylum. Sarcodina
2) Phylum. Mastigophora
3) Phylum Sporozoa
4) Microsporidia
5) Ciliphora
6) Cnidosporidia

26
Q

Explain shortly the phylum. Sarcodina

A
  • no defined body shape
  • no pellicle
  • have pseudopodia (for locomotion)
  • nutrition is holozoic or paracytic
  • asexual reproduction is most common

(think of sardines)

27
Q

Explain the order. Amoebida (phylum. Sarcodina)

A
  • live in other organisms’ intestines
  • paracytic
  • may be carried by blood to the liver
28
Q

What are the different types of orders of protozoa (in the phylum. Sarcodina)?

A

1) Order. Amoebida
2) Order. Testacea
3) Order. Foraminifera
4) Entamoeba Histolytica

29
Q

Explain the order. Testacea. (phylum. Sarcodina)

A
  • delicate plasma membrane
  • pseudopodia for locomotion
  • they have tests for siliceous material (reinforced by grains of sand)
29
Q

Explain the order. Foraminifera. (phylum. Sarcodina)

A
  • ancient group of shelled organisms found in all oceans
  • mostly bottom living
  • test for calcium carbonate
  • slender pseudopodia
30
Q

Explain shortly the phylum. Mastigophora.

A
  • unicellular organisms
  • free-living or paracytic
  • elongated body, one nucleus, one or two flagellum, transparent pellicle
  • reproduce by binary fission (exhibit cyst formation)
  • sexual reproduction is very rare
30
Q

How many phyla are protozoa classified into? How are they classified?

A

Protozoa are classified into six phyla. They are classified on the basis of light and electron microscopic morphology.

31
Q

What is the most common form of reproduction?

A

binary fission (asexual)

32
Q

Explain the disease Trypanosoma brucei gambriense. What phylum does it belong to?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambriense is a disease in the Mastigofora phylum.

In trypanosomatids, all members are exclusively parasitic. They are parasitic to insects!

Trypasoma occurs as a paracyte in the human body.
It causes the African Sleeping Sickness.
- the species lives in african antelopes that are bitten by fly (Glossina Palpalis), “tsetse”
If the infected blood reaches a human, it causes Trypanosome fever, and then, when entering the spinal fluid, the sleeping sickness leads to death.

33
Q

Explain the disease Trypanosoma cruzi. What phylum does it belong to?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi belongs to the mastigophora phylum.

It causes Chagas disease in humans and animals in america.
transmission: triatoma infestants deposits feces on the skin surface and bites.
known as the “kissing bug”

34
Q

Explain the life cycle of Leishmania.

A

1) sandfly bites and taked blood
2) human: promastigotes (what the bug left) are phagocytized by macrophages.
3) promastigotes –>amastigotes
4) amastigotes multiply
5) sandy fly bites and takes blood.
6) fly: injection of parasitised cells
7) amastigotes –> promastigotes
8) divide in midgut and transfer to proboscis.

35
Q

How does Leishmania look

A

infected hole in the skin, large belly.

36
Q

Explain the Phylum. Sporozoa.

A
  • endoparacytes
  • lack locomotor structures, have a tough covering (cuticle)
  • reproduce asexually by fission, and sexually by anisogamy
  • life cycle may include more than one host
37
Q

What classes does the Phylum. Sporozoa divide into?

A

1) Class. Gregarinina
2) Class. Coccidiomorpha
(intracellular parasites (vertebrates and invertebrates) species of very high medical importance)

38
Q

Explain the Order. Coccidiida

A
  • two types: eimeria and isospora
  • Isospora infects humans
  • Eimeria infects domestic animals

Eimeria causes severe diarrhoea or dysentery (diarrhoea with blood and mucous)

Eimeria is fatal to young fowl (severe pathogenesis in the intestine (+schizogony))

39
Q

Explain the life cycle of Coccidia.

A

3 stages:
1) asexual reproduction: schizogony occurring in the epithelium of human intestine cells
2) sexual reproduction: gametogony. microgametes and macrogametes form.
3) sporongy: external environment. formation of oocysts and sporozoites.

40
Q

How does Coccidia enter the organism?

A

through feeding.

41
Q

What species are affected by Coccidia?

A

bovine, pigs, rabbits, poultry, dogs, humans

42
Q

Explain Toxoplasma gondii, which Phylum it belongs to, its life cycle and more.

A
  • paracyte of cats
  • similar to cocidia yet there are also extraintestinal stages produced
  • extraintestinal stages do not produce gametes but they initiate the intestinal cycle
43
Q

What are the two types of taxoplasmosis?

A

1) ACQUIRED: increased lymph nodes, general weakness, headaches and muscular aches.
2) INNATE: taxoplasmosis enters the fetus through the placenta.

44
Q

Explain Heamosporidians, which Phylum it belongs to and more.

A
  • blood paracyte of vertabrates
  • (best known is Plasmodium) causes human malaria
  • malaria is a serious disease (difficult to control, in tropical and sub tropical countries)
  • Heamosporidians belong to the sporozoa phylum.
45
Q

Explain the life cycle of Malaria parasites.

A

2 phases:

1) Endogenous = Asexual cycle = in humans = Schizogony
- schizogony (|nucleus and cytoplasm divides)

2) Exogenous phase = sexual cycle = in mosquitoes = sporongy (occurs outside the host)

46
Q

Explain the Phylum. Microsporidia.

A
  • eukaryotic, unicellular organisms
  • spore-forming, intracellular
  • invade vertebrates and invertebrates
  • important in fisheries
  • microsporidia has been known to parasite those with health immune systems.
47
Q

State an example of a microsporadian paracyte.

A

Nosema Bombycis
Nosema Apis

48
Q

Explain Nosema Bombycis

A
  • microsporidian parasite
  • produces paper like spots on caterpillars
  • disease known as “pebrine”
  • highly infectious (pass from mother moth to eggs)
49
Q

Explain Nosema apis

A

small, single celled paracyte afecting HONEY BEES.
- it causes nosemosis
- it is parasitic but talked about as a disease
- single spore causes infection, normally 20-90 are found per bee.

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Nosema apis

A
  • dysentery
  • shorter life of worker bees
  • lack of industry in the colony
  • lower tendency to sting
  • crawling bees
  • disjoined wings
  • swollen abdomens
51
Q

Explain the phylum Ciliphora

A
  • aquatic and free-living forms
  • presence of cilia (as locomotor structures)
  • have a pellicle
  • reproduce asexually by binary fission, and sexually by conjugation (exchange of genetic material).
52
Q

Why do protozoa have contractile vacuoles?

A

for osmoregulation.

53
Q

Which structures occur in paracytic protozoa?

A

Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria,
lysosomes,
food vacuoles,
conoids

54
Q

Explain the order Entamoeba Histolytica.

A
  • human large intestines,
  • invades the intestinal wall by secreting enzymes which attack the intestinal lining,
  • can travel to the liver by blood,
  • spread with water or food (containing cysts)
55
Q

Explain the main features of the Phylum. Cnidosporidia.
How do they reproduce?

A
  • characterized by spores
  • life cycle is complex and incompletely understood

1-7 spore shell valves
1-2 amoeboid infective germs
2-7 nematocyst-like polar capsules

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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