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Cell Biology > Cell Biology Test 1.1 ✅ > Flashcards

Cell Biology Test 1.1 ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Chargaff’s rule?

A

content of adenine=thymine
content of guanine=cytosine

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2
Q

Which rule mentions complimentary base pairing in DNA?

A

Chargaff’s rule

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3
Q

What is a cell composed of?

A

Water (70%), Inorganic ions, and Organic molecules (carbon containing).

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4
Q

Explain DNA structure

A
  • double helix
  • antiparallel strands
  • hydrogen bonds
  • deoxyribose
  • phosphate
  • nitrogenous bases A=T, C=_G
  • minor and major grooves
  • Chargaff’s rule
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5
Q

Which strand is genetic information found on?

A

Template Strand!!!

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6
Q

Name the purines and pyrimidines? What is the difference?

A

purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidine: thymine, cytosine, uracil.
Purines are larger as they have a double ring structure, while pyrimidines only have one ring.

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7
Q

Explain RNA structure

A
  • single stranded
  • ribose sugar
  • uracil instead of thymine
  • shorter nucleotide chain
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8
Q

How is ribose different from deoxyribose?

A

Ribose has an additional -OH group.

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9
Q

What is the structure of RNA similar to?

A

A hairpin

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10
Q

What type of bonds exist in both DNA and RNA?

A

phosphodiester bonds

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11
Q

What are the different types of RNA?

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
small RNA molecules
ribosomal RNA
ribozymes

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12
Q

What is the primary function of rRNA?

A

protein synthesis (synthesis of polypeptide chains)

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13
Q

What is the primary function of tRNA?

A

transfers amino acids to their complimentary codons on the mRNA strand.

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14
Q

What is the primary function of regulatory RNA?

A

the formation of certain short DNA sequences

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15
Q

What is the primary function of small nuclear RNA (snRNA)?

A

involved in the processing of mRNA in the nucleus.
(SPLISING + CAPPING).
gene regulation.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of guide RNA?

A

processing of DNA and RNA.

17
Q

What is the primary function of antisense RNA?

A

regulating gene expression (by base pairing to mRNA).

18
Q

What is the primary function of ribozymes?

A

enzymatically active RNA molecules.
take part in replication, mRNA processing and splicing.

19
Q

What type of ribosomes exist in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes- 70’s ribosomes (30’s and 50’s)
Eukaryotes- 80’s ribosomes (40’s and 60’s)

20
Q

Which type of RNA is there the most of?

21
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

rRNA, protein and enzymes

22
Q

What is the primary function of mRNA?

A

messenger RNA
allows for protein synthesis.

23
Q

What is mRNA?
What is it complimentary to?

A

single stranded RNA molecule.
it is complementary to the coding strand,

24
Q

What is the RNA sequence the same as?

A

the coding strand (non-template strand).

25
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase: G1, S, G2,
Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Additional: cytokinesis, G0

26
Q

What phase is the longest in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

27
Q

What are the key points about DNA replication?

A
  • semiconservative
  • antiparallel
  • 5’ –> 3’ direction
  • leading and lagging strand
  • helicase, topoisomerase (gyrase), SSB’s, DNA primase, DNA polymerase 3, DNA polymerase 1, ligase
28
Q

What are the regions called at which replication always starts?

A

points of origin

29
Q

What is the Y part called during replication. And what is its bigger part?

A

Replication fork, replication bubble.

30
Q

In which direction can DNA polymerase only add nucleotides?

A

to the 3’ end

31
Q

What is the role of DNA Primase?

A

Attach an RNA primer (therefore a 3’ end) for the DNA polymerase to attach to.

32
Q

What does primase make?

A

and RNA primer which is a short strand of DNA complementary to the template.

33
Q

What occurs at the lagging strand?

A

Okazaki fragments

34
Q

What is the difference in the replication of DNA between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells: (in their nucleotide) have only one replication point
Eukaryotic cells: many replication points

35
Q

What are the stages of transcription?

A

1) initiation (rna polymerase)
2) elongation
3) termination (stop codon)

36
Q

What are the stages of translation?

A

1) initiation
2) activation
3) elongation
4) translocation
5) termination

37
Q

State the key points of translation.

A
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
  • ribosomal subunits, rRNA, mRNA, tRNA,
  • aminoacyl-tRNA-synthase
  • EPA site
  • beginning on AUG=Methionine
38
Q

snRNA modifications

A
  • splicing (removal of introns)
  • poly-a-tail (enhances translation efficiency)
  • 5’ cap (stability, protects from degradation)
39
Q

Contrast DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

in eukaryotic cells DNA replication can occur in multiple areas simultaneously, while in prokaryotic cells DNA replication occurs in only one area per chromosome.
In eukaryotes replication occurs in the nucleus, while in prokaryotes it occurs in the nucleus.

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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