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Cell Biology > Cancer Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cancer Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The spreading of relentlessly dividng cells from one part of the body to another.

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2
Q

What are cancer cells?

A

cells that divide relentlessly forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.

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3
Q

When cancer was discovered, what was it called? why?

A

“Crab” or “crayfish” because from the appearance,
the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet”

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4
Q

At first is was thought that cancer was made up of what? What is it actually made out of?

A

It was thought that cancer is made up of lymph. Now it is known that it is made up of cells.

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5
Q

Which continent has the greatest incident of cancer?

A

Asia

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6
Q

What are the different types of cancer cells?

A

carcinoma
leukaemia
lymphoma
myeloma
sarcoma
central nervous system
mesothelioma

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7
Q

What are carcinoma cancer cells?

A

the majority of cancer cells are epithelial in origin (beginning in the membrane tissues that line the surfaces of the body).

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8
Q

What are leukaemia cancer cells?

A

originate in the tissues responsible for producing new blood cells (most commonly in the bone marrow).

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9
Q

What are lymphoma cancer cells? What is a different name for them?

A

Lymphoma = myeloma
- derived from cells of the immune system.

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10
Q

What are sarcoma cancer cells?

A

originating in connective tissue, including fat, muscle and bone.

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11
Q

What are central nervous system cancer cells?

A

derived from cells of the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

What are mesothelioma cancer cells?

A

originating in the mesothelium (lining of body cavities).

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13
Q

How does the blood of a leukemic compare to the blood of a healthy person?

A

normal blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
leukemia cells outnumber normal cells in leukemia.

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14
Q

What are the six essential alterations that dictate malignant growth?

A

1) self-suficcieny of growth signals
2) insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
3) evasion of apoptosis
4) potential for limitless replication
5) angiogenesis
6) invasion and metasis

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15
Q

In cancer cells, why do cells start to rapidly divide?

A

cells become unresponsive to normal growth controls.

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16
Q

Explain the major features of cancer cells.

A
  • large, variable shaped nuclei
  • variation in shape and size
  • disorganised arrangement
  • loss of normal specialized features
  • large number of dividing cells
  • poorly defined oundris between cells
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17
Q

What is the process called of the formation of a tumor?

A

tumorigenesis

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18
Q

What are the three main steps of tumorigenesis?

A

1) initiation
2) promotion
3) progression

19
Q

What causes cancer cells to proliferate in response to external signals?

A

alterations in signal transduction pathways.

20
Q

What allows for unregulated cell growth?

A

mutations and alterations of the cell cycle.

21
Q

What is the name of normal cellular genes that contribute to cancer?

A

oncogenes

22
Q

How many oncogenes have been discovered?

A

around 100

23
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

the genetically regulated program to dispose cells.

24
Q

What is the growth of tumour mass dependent on?

A
  • an increase in proliferation of tumour cells
  • decrease in apoptotic rate
25
Q

What is autophagy?

A

It is the major cellular pathway for protein and organelle turnover. It is a mechanism for the delvery of cellular materials to lysosomes for degredation.

26
Q

What process helps maintain a balance between anabolism and catabolism for normal cell growth and development?

A

autophagy

27
Q

How is autophagy related to cancer?

A

involved in the elimination of cancer by triggering a non apoptotic cell death program (suggesting a negative role in tumour development.

28
Q

Is autophagy a possible cancer treatment?

A

yes

29
Q

What is a feature of malignant cells?

A

their ability to invade the surrounding normal tissue.

30
Q

What is in situ cancer?

A

tumours in which malignant cells appear to lie exclusively above the basement membrane

31
Q

What is invasive cancer?

A

tumours in which malignant cells are demonstrated to breach teh basement membrane, penetrating into the stroma.

32
Q

What does a cancers ability to invade involve?

A

changes in adhesion, initiation of motility and proteolysis of the extracellular matrix.

33
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

the establishment of new blood vessels from a preexisting vascular bed.
angiogenesis allows for tumour growth and metasis.

34
Q

What are the steps of metastasis?

A

1) primary cancer cells develop access through either the blood circulatory system or the lymphatic system
2) cancer cells are shed into the circulation
3) circulating cells lodge into a new organ and extravasate into the new tissue
4) cells must initiate growth and establish vascularization to sustain the new tumour.

35
Q

What is the name of the particular substances that are linked to specific types of cancers?

A

carcinogens

36
Q

State some carcinogen examples.

A
  • tobacco
  • diet and excersize
  • infection (eg. epstein-Barr virus)
  • radiation (ultraviolet)
  • hereditary
  • hormones (insulin like growth hormones, (sex related cancers))
37
Q

How can cancer be managed?

A
  • surgery
  • radiation therapy
  • chemotherapy
  • immunotherapy
  • targeted therapy
  • hormone therapy
  • stem cell transplant
  • precision medicine
38
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

type of treatment that helps the immune system fight cancer.

39
Q

What is targeted therapy?

A

type of treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide and spread.

40
Q

What is hormone therapy?

A

type of treatment that slows or stops the growth of breast and prostate cancers that use hormones to grow.

41
Q

What is stem cell transplant?

A

procedures that restore blood-forming stem cells in cancer patients who have had their stem cells destroyed by very high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

42
Q

What is precision medicine?

A

helps doctors select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on genetic understanding of their disease.

43
Q

What measures prevent cancers?

A
  • limited tobacco use
  • increased physical activity
  • controlled weight
  • improved diet
  • limited alcohol
  • safer sex practices
  • routine cancer screening tests
  • avoided excess exposure to the sun

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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