Protists Flashcards
Protist
Informal name of the group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes
Protists are (para/poly/mono)phyletic
Paraphyletic
Plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into …
red/green algae
Secondary Endosymbiosis
process in which a eukaryotic cell engulfs a cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis
Organisms undergoing secondary endosymbiosis has (#) sets of membrane surrounding chloroplasts
2+
The chloroplasts of (red/brown/golden/green) algae have undergone secondary endosymbiosis
brown
red/green algae underwent secondary endosymbiosis, where they were ingested by a _____________ _________
heterotrophic eukaryote
Protists (are/aren’t) a valid phylogenetic classification
aren’t
Nutritional diversity in protist includes …
- Heterotrophs
- Phototrophs
- Mixotrophs
Mitochondria evolved by endosymbiosis of …
aerobic prokaryote
Plastids evolved by endosymbiosis of …
photosynthetic cyanobacterium
Plastid
membrane-bound organelle found in plant/algae cells that perform photosynthesis/metabolic functions
Heterotrophs obtain nutrients by….
absorbing organic molecules/ingest large food particles
Plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into …
red/green algae
Phototrophs obtain nutrition by…
photosynthesis (contain chloroplats)
4 supergroups of eukaryotes:
- Excavate
- SAR
- Archaeplastida
- Unikonta
Mnemonic for protists super/subgroups
Every
Doll
Produces
Estrogen –
Kills
Everyone
–
Some
Gay
Bitches
Die
–
A
Dyke
Ate
Cooch
–
Right? (shit)
Fucking
Rocks!
–
A
Gay
RIte (of)
Passage
–
Unless
Approaches
Obediently
–
Shaun…do not repeat this one….
Mixotrophs obtain nutrients…
combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
Excavate are characterized by their …
Cytoskeletons, ventral feeding group & flagella
Subgroups of excavate:
- Diplomonads
- Parabasalids
- Euglenozoa
The reduced mitochondria of a diplomonad is referred to as the …
Mitosome
The reduced mitochondria of the parabasalids is known as the…
hydrogenosomes
Euglonozoa
diverse clade within Excavate that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites
Euglenozoa are characterized by their
flagella with a spiral crystalline rod structure, without a known cause
The representative organism of the diplomonads are …
Giardia
The representative organism of the Parabasalids are…
T.Vaginalis
Two subgroups of the Euglenozoa:
- Kinetoplastids
- Euglenoids
Kinetoplastids
single mitochondrial individuals with an organized mass of DNA called the kinetoplast
The organized mass of DNA with kinetoplastids is referred to as the ___________
kinetoplast
Euglenoids
have one/two (long) flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell, as well as a characteristic eye spot
Euglenoids are
- autotrophic
- heterotrophic
- both
both
SAR stands for …
- Stamenopiles
- Alveolates
- Rhizarians
Stramenopiles and Alveolates evolved when their common ancestor engulfed…
red algae
Subgroups of Stramenopiles include
- Diatoms
- Golden Algae
- Brown Algae
Diatoms are a major component of …
Phytoplankton and diatomaceous earth
Gold algae contains yellow and brown __________ and are __flagellate
caretnoids; bi;
Brown Algae are commonly called _________
seaweeds
Thallus
the plant-like algal body
The ________ anchors the stem-like _____ to a surface, which in turn supports the leaf-life _______
holdfast; stipe; blades;
Stramenopiles
distinguished by two unequal flagella, one with a long “hairy” projection
Alveolata
membrane bound sacs (aveoli) under plasma membrane
Examples of alveolata include…
- Dinoflagellates
- Apicomplexans
- Ciliates
Archaeplastida encompasses…
- Red Algae
- Green Algae
- Land Plants
Dino flagellates are (mixo/hetero/auto) and (mixo/hetero/auto)trophic.
mixotrophic; heterotrophic;
Dinoflagellates are important components of marine/freshwater _____________
phytoplankton
(Red/Green) algae are most abundant in coastal waters
Red
Dinoflagellate blooms are responsible for ___ _____
Red tides
Apicomplexans are _________ of humans
parasites
A plasmodium is an example of an _____________, causing malaria
Apicomplexan
Ciliates
large varied group of protists named for their use of cilia to move/feed
Rhizarians
diverse group of protists defined by monophyletic DNA similarities
Examples of Rhizarians include
- Radiolarians
- Foraminiferans (forams)
Tests
a prorective shell/skeleton that some protists secrete
Pseudopodia
temporary arm-like projections of a cells membrane that can help with movement, environmental sensing, or obtaining nutrition/phagocytosis
Radiolarians
Rhizarians with intricate tests fused into one delicate piece usually composed of SILICA
___________ emerge from the small holes in Radiolarians, primarily to ______ microorganisms through ___________
pseudopodia; engulf; phagocytosis
Forams
Rhizarians with porous, multichambered tests composed of CaCO3
(Radiolarian/Foram) tests in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record
Foram
What are the two clades within the supergroup Unikonta?
- Amoebazoans
- Opisthokonts
Amoebozoans
Amoeba that have lobe/tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia
Archaeplastida
a monophyletic group consisting of red & green algae and land plants
Phycoerhythrin masks the (red/green) colour in (red/green) algae.
green; red
Examples of opisthokonts include
- Animals
- Fungi
- Related protists
(red/green) algae leads to the evolution of land plants
green
Two types of green algae:
- Chlorophytes
- Charophytes
In terms of their cells, chlorophytes can be …., while charophytes are….
uni/multicellular or colonial; multicellular
Charophytes
multicellular freshwater organisms that grow in one direction
Chlorophytes
uni/multicellular or colonial marine organisms that often grow in sheets
(Charophytes/Chlorophytes) are the closest living relatives of land plants
Charophytes
Many chlorophytes are _____ and _______
large; complex
Chlorophytes often live in ….
- freshwater environments
- damp soil
- symbionts in lichen
- snow
Unikonta
includes amoebas, animals, fungi, and some protists
Types of Amoebozoans include…
- plasmodial slime molds
- cellular slime molds
- Tubilinids
Opsithikonts include
animals, fungi, some protists
Plasmodial slime molds
single, large, diploid multinucleated cells that form a large supercell while feeding
Plasmodial slime molds are (haploid/diploid)
diploid
Mold Plasmodium
an aggregate of plasmodial slime molds
NOT to be confused with malarial Plasmodium - This is an Apicomplexan!
aka - an Alveolata!
Cellular slime molds
Individual amoeboid cells that aggregate when conditions require it (most of life unitcellular - multicellular when required!)
An example of a cellular slime mold is …
D. discoideum
Tubilinids
common unicellular amoebozoans in soil. freshwater, and marine enironments
Tubilinids are mostly (mixo/hetero/photo)trophic
heterotrophic
Tubilinids are known to cause which disease?
Dysentery
Tubilinids actively seek and consume ….
bacteria & other protists
