Plants Flashcards
Sporopollenin
A layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out; allows dispersal through dry air;
Sporopollenin can be found in …
- Some charophytes
- Plant spores
5 key traits present in plants that are absent in animals
- Alteration of Generations
- Multicellular, dependent embryos
- Walled spores produced in Sporangia
- Muilticellular Gamentangia
- Apical Meristems
The _______ prevents degradation of the cell, and acts as a barrier between the cell and its ___________
cuticle; environment;
Stomata
opening in cuticle that allows exchange of gases with the environment
There was a symbiotic association between _____ and the first ____ ______
fungi; land plants;
Alternation of Generations
A reproductive cycle in plants, where they alternate between sexual/asexual phases
Gametophyte
Haploid sexual phase that produces haploid gametes by MITOSIS
Sporophytes
The diploid asexual phase producing spores from which the gametophyte arises
Placental Transfer Cells
Transfer nutrients from the parent to the embryo
Embryophytes
Plants that have a dependency of embryo on the parent
Embryophytes are mostly found in ____ plants
land
Sporangia
the organ in which sporophytes produce spores
Sporocytes
diploid cells that undergo MEIOSIS to generate HAPLOID spores
Gametangia
General name for organs in which gametes are produced
Archegonia
female gametangia that produces nonmotile eggs
Antheridia
male gametangia that are the site of (motile) sperm production and release
Apical Meristems
regions of actively dividing cells at the tip of plant roots/shoots that are responsible for primary growth
Apical Meristems are protected by __________ ______
developing leaves
Types of plants
- Bryophytes
- Seedless vascular plants
- Seeded vascular plants
(Gametophytes/Sporophytes) dominate the life cycle of Byrophytes
Gametophytes
Types of Bryophytes
- Liverworts
ex. Hepatophyta - Hornworts
ex. Anthocerophyta - Mosses
ex. Bryophyta
Perisome
teeth-like structure that surrounds the opening of sporangium
Rhizoid
root-like structure that attaches to substrate, but doesn’t bring up nutrients/water form soil
After fertilization occurs in the archegonia, spores are dispersed – some spores produce female __________, while others produce male __________.
archegonia; antheridia;
What is the most well known type of seedless vascular plant?
Ferns
Vascular plants began to diversity during the ________ and _____________ periods.
Carboniferous; Devonians;
Xylem
conducts most of the water and minerals
Phloem
distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
Xylem induces (dead/living) cells, while the Phloem consists of (dead/living) cells
dead; living;
Meiosis is (haploid/diploid), and Fertilization is (haploid/diploid)
haploid; diploid;
Roots
anchor vascular plants to a substrate
Roots enable the absorption of _____/_________ from soil
water/nutrients
Root structures may have evolved from….
very early plants that grew low to the ground
Leaves
organs that increase surface area of vascular plants
Microphylls
Leaves with a single vein (lycophytes)
Megaphylls
leaves with a highly branched vascular system
Sporophylls
modified leaves with sporangia
Sori
clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls
Strobili
cone like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
Which group formed the first true forests on earth?
Seedless vascular plants
Homosporous
sporangium on sporophyte produces a single type of spore, usually a bisexual gametophyte that can produce egg or sperm
Heterosporous
producing multiple types of spores, either megasporangium (female) or microsporangium (male)
Most seedless vascular plants are (homo/heterosporous)
homosporous
All seeded plants are (homo/heterosporous)
heterosporous
Seed
consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
Types of seeded vascular plants
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
Pollen
protects male gametophytes and can be transported by wind/animals
Pollen grains
contain male gametophytes
Pollination
transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
Pollen eliminates the need for …
(a film of) water
Ovules
protect female gametophytes
An ____ fertilized by ______ develops into a ____
ovule; pollen; seed
Ovules consist of…
- Megasporangium
- Megaspore
- 1+ protective intugements
Gymnosperm have (#) integuments and angiosperm have (#) integuments
1; 2;
Shared derived traits of seeded plants
- Reduced gametophytes
- Heterospory
- Ovules
- Pollen
Gymnosperms
gametophytes develop within cones
Four phyla of gymnosperms
- Cycadophyta
ex. cycads - Ginkgophyta
ex. gingko biloba - Gnetophyta
ex. gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia - Coniferophyta
ex. conifers (pine, fir, redwood)
In gymnosperms, seeds occur on modified leaves (___________) that typically form cones (________)
sporophylls; storbii;
Angiosperms
gametophytes develop within flowers/fruits
(Angio/gymnosperms) are the most widespread and diverse of all plants
Angiosperms
Flower
an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction
Four types of modified leaves
- Sepals
- Petals
- Stamens
- Carpels
SPSC
Sepals
enclose the flower
Petals
brightly colored/attract pollinators
Stamens
produce pollen on their terminal anthers
Carpels
produce ovules
Fruit
typically consists of a mature ovary, but can also include other flower parts
Mechanisms of seed dispersal in fruits
- Active explosion
- Wings on the seed
- Seeds within berries/edible fruits dispersed through feces
- Barbs hitchhiking on animals
Flower is composed of both ____ and _______ structures
male and female
Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure _____-___________ between flowers from different plants of the same species
cross-pollination
Endosperm
tissue in seeds that provides nourishment to the embryo
Double fertilization
occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule
Pollen tube
a tubular structure that grows from a pollen grain after it lands on the stigma of a flower
Monocots have (#) cotyledon and Eudicots have (#) eudicots
1;2
