Phylogenetics Flashcards
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a species/group of related species
Systematics
A discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
Systematists utilize ____, ______, and _____ data to infer evolutionary relationships
fossil; molecular; genetic;
Taxonomy
Ordered division and naming of organisms
Which two key features from Linnaeus’ taxonomy structure remain useful today?
- Binomial Nomenclature
- Hierarchical Classification
Binomial Nomenclature consists of ….
- Genus
- Specific Epithet
____ is the first part of a species’ name
Genus
_____ ______ is the second part of a species’ name
Specific Epithet
Taxon
A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy (any one of the taxonomical ranks)
What are the ranks of Linnaeus’ hierarchal classification?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
PhyloCode
a formal set of rules governing phylogenetic nomenclature
____ ____ are groups that share an immediate common ancestor
Sister Taxa
In constructing phylogenetic trees, it is important to distinguish whether a similarity is the result of _____ or _____
homology; analogy;
Bat and Bird wings are (analogous/homologous) as forelimbs, but (analogous/homologous) as functional wings
homologous; analogous
Cladistics
an approach to systematics where common ancestry is the primary criterion, according to the proportion of measurable characteristics
Clade
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants
Monophyletic Grouping
Grouping consisting of the ancestor species and all of its descendants
Paraphyletic Grouping
Grouping consisting of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants
Polyphyletic Grouping
Grouping consisting of various species that lack a recent common ancestor, essentially coming from multiple evolutionary lineages
Shared Ancestral Character
a characteristic that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
Shared Derived Characteristic
An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
A shared ____ character shows up for the first time within this group of organisms
derived
A backbone is a shared (derived/ancestral) character of mammals, but a shared (derived/ancestral) of vertebrates
ancestral; derived
Outgroup
A species/group of species that are closely related to the ingroup
Ingroup
The various species being studied
The definition of _____/____ depends on the assemblage of individuals within the group that you’re comparing at the time of building a phylogenetic tree.
ingroup/outgroup
Maximum Parsimony assumes that the tree that requires the fewest ____________ ______ is the most likely.
evolutionary events
Maximum Likelihood assumes that, given certain rules about how ___ changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of ____________ ______
DNA; evolutionary events;
What are the two theories that allow us to narrow possibilities of finding the best tree in a large data set?
- Maximum Parsimony
- Maximum Likelihood
Horizontal gene transfer
movement of genes from one genome to another
5 Kingdoms
Prokaryote, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
P3AF :p
