protists Flashcards
protists
eukaryotic not classified in plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms
are protists closely related to plants, animals, and fungi
yes
algae:
photoautotrophs
protozoa
heterotrophic
fungus-like
resemble fungi in form and use absorptive nutrition
habitats of protists:
wet places
plankton
swimming or floating protists/bacteria/viruses
periphyton:
attached to the cell wall to underwater surface, produce multicellular bodies
endosymbiosis
host cell captures bacteria by phagotrophy, bacteria does something like bioluminescence
endosymbosis is the evolutionary basis of what
plastids
how do protists swim?
using flagella
amoeboid movement
using pseudopodia
how else do protists move?
gliding on slime
Excavata are related to
some of Earth’s earliest eukaryotes
why are excavata named?
for a feeding groove excavated into many cells
how do excavata eat?
food particles by phagotrophy
endocytosis
engulfing cells of organisms
endocytosis is the basis for what?
endosymbosis
excavata have what kind of mitochondria?
highly modified
can excavata photosynthesis?
some can
Plants and relatives include
land plants and algae
red algae
most are multicellular macro algae
why is red algae red?
due to photosynthetic pigments
do red algae have flagella?
no
Chlorophyta
diverse in structure
where do chlorophyta occur
in fresh and salt water, and on land
does red algae and chlorophyta have complex life cycles?
yes
Plastids:
enclosing surrounded by two membranes
how did plastids come to be
primary symbiosis
plastids resulted in what
horizontal gene transfer from endosymbiot to host
Secondary plastids:
derived from photosynthetic eukaryote
where did secondary plastids originate?
from secondary endosymbiosis
how does secondary plastids work?
eukaryotic host cell ingests and keeps another cell that already has primary plastids
how many envelopes do secondary plastids have
more than two
how did endosymbiosis probably come to be?
host captured cyanobacteria, the cyanobacteria helped host photosynthesis
cryptomads are
unicellular flagellates
what color are cryptomads plastids
red, blue, or brown from secondary photosynthesis
Haptophytes
unicellular photosynthesis with secondary plastids
Supergroup Alevolta
named for membrane bound vesicles
dinozoa
some photosynthesis, some don’t
Tertiary endosymbiosis
half of dinoflagellates are heterotrophic, others can photosynthesis from 2nd or 3rd endosymbiosis
Stramenopila have a wide range of…
algae, protozoa, and fungus
stramenopila produce what
flagellated cells at some point
why is stramenopila named
for strawlike hairs
are stramenopila heterotrophic or photosynthetic
both
Rhizaria are
thin, strawlike hair extensions of cytoplasm
Amoebozoa
many types of amoeboe use pseudopodia to move
Opisthokonta includes
animals and fungi related to protists
what is opisthokonta named for
singular posterior flagellum
choanoflagellate protists
feature a collar surrounding flagella
phagotrophy
heterotrophs that ingest particles
osmotrophy
heterotrophs that rely on uptake of small organic particles
photoautotrophy
photosynthesis
mixotrophy
able to use all 3
Extrusomes
spear shaped particles to discourage herbivores
bioluminesence:
startles herbivores
toxins
disrupt physological functions
slimy mucilage
defend against herbivores and pathogens
eukaryotes use what to reproduce
gametes and zygotes
why are gametes and zygotes adaptive?
due to its diversity
Haploid dominant:
most unicellular reproducing protists, haploid develops into a gamete, thick walled diploid zygote
Alterations of generations:
many types of multicellular organisms, haploids = gametes, diploid = spores, by meiosis, all cells but gametes are diploid
Ciliate reproduction
most complex sexual process
macronuclei
source of info + cell production
conjugation
cells pair and fuse
parasitic protists use…
more than one host, different stages
