Protien Synthesis Flashcards
The BACKBONE (sides of the ladder) of the DNA molecule is made up of which TWO molecules
Phosphate and Pentose Sugar
Which nitrogenous base will pair with guanine?
Cytosine
If a strand of DNA contains 10% Thymine, what percentage of Guanine will it contain?
40%
What kind of bonds hold the two sides of the DNA “ladder” together. Hint: they are weaker bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
The repeating, three-part sub-units that make up the DNA polymer are called:
Nucleotides
Which sugar is found in the nucleotides of DNA?
Deoxyribose
Which nitrogenous bases from DNA are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
The shape of the DNA molecule is a __________ helix.
Double
One gene on a chromosome is responsible for coding for one
Protein
The first step in translation is
Initiation
Which mRNA codon is found at the beginning of every single mRNA strand?
AUG
How many nitrogenous bases make up a single codon?
Three
Translation occurs in / on which organelle in the cytoplasm?
Ribosome
Which structure delivers amino acids to the site of translation?
tRNA
tRNA molecules have an __________ which is complimentary to the codon on the mRNA strand. Only the correct tRNA can match up with the mRNA codon.
Anticodon
If the DNA sequence of a gene is:
GGC ATG CTA CGT
what will the transcribed mRNA sequence be?
CCG UAC GAU GCA
The first stage of translation where the mRNA and small ribosomal subunit are coming together is called ________________.
initiation
The second stage of translation, where the amino acid chain is growing longer, is called ______________.
elongation
The final stage of translation, where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome, is called _______________.
termination
What DNA sequences would signal the end of an amino acid chain?
ATT, ATC or ACT
In RNA, what DNA base is replaced by Uracil?
Thymine
The shape of an RNA molecule is a
straight, single strand
mRNA is made by the enzyme
RNA polymerase
The process of making an mRNA strand is called
Transcription
One mRNA strand is produced from the information found in one _____.
gene
RNA contains the sugar _________.
Ribose
An RNA nucleotide is made up of ___________
Ribose Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases (which could include Uracil)
The types of RNA that are found in the cell.
rRNA, tRNA, mRNA
The sugar-phosphate groups that make up the backbone of the RNA molecule are joined together by ________________.
strong covalent bonds
The mRNA molecule is transcribed from the ______ strand of the DNA molecule.
Sense
Any factor that can cause a mutation is called a(n)
Mutagen
What type of mutation is shown in the following example?
Original: TCG AAC GGT
New: TCT AAC GGT
Substitution
What are the 2 main categories of mutations?
Gene and chromosomal
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of a chromosome is “flipped” is called a _________ mutation.
inversion
Which of the following is NOT a type of potential mutagen?
viruses
certain chemicals
radiation
cancer
Cancer
Somatic mutations occur in
Cells of the body - e.g. skin cells
Any factor that can cause a mutation which leads to cancer is called a
carcinogen
What type of mutation is shown in the following example?
Original: TCG AAC GGT
New: TCG GAA CGG T
addition
What type of mutation is shown in the following example?
Deletion
Germinal mutations occur in
gametes (sperm or eggs) and
early in embryonic development
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of a chromosome is repeated is called a _________ mutation.
deletion
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of a chromosome is moved from one chromosome to another chromosome is called a _________ mutation.
translocation
Process where mRNA is created
Transcription
Transcription occurs in the __________ of the cell
Nucleus
The process where mRNA is made in amino acids?
Translation
Translation occurs in the _________ part of the cell
Ribosome
During DNA replication _________ breaks hydrogen bonds and unzips the original DNA molecule
DNA helicase
