Biological Molecules Flashcards
1
Q
Carbon can form __ single bonds with other substances
A
4
2
Q
The subunits that make up proteins are called;
A
Amino acids
3
Q
A side chain on an amino acid can be abbreviated by the letter:
A
R
4
Q
The prefix “poly” means
A
Many
5
Q
There are __ different amino acids
A
20
6
Q
How many amino acids are in a dipeptide?
A
2
7
Q
Which level of protein structure can take the from of an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet?
A
Secondary
8
Q
Which level of protein structure is characterized by folding into a three dimensional “globular” form?
A
Tertiary
9
Q
Which level of protein structure develops from the sequence in which amino acids are linked together?
A
Primary
10
Q
Which level of protein structure results from multiple proteins joining together to form a larger structure?
A
Quaternary
11
Q
Proteins can be denatured by
A
High temperature
pH above or below the normal range
Heavy mental ions
12
Q
What four elements are most often found in organic molecules?
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
13
Q
Which of the elements is only found in amino acids and nucleotides?
A. nitrogen B. Oxygen C. Hydrogen D. Carbon E. Phosphorus F. Sodium
A
A. nitrogen
14
Q
What are the four major classes of biological molecules?
A
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids, proteins
15
Q
Of the four types of biological molecules, which one is the most involved with energy production in the body?
A
Carbohydrates
16
Q
Which of the four types of biological molecules forms enzymes?
A
Proteins
17
Q
Which of the four types of biological molecules make up genes?
A
Nucleic acids
18
Q
Which of the four types of biological molecules is involved primarily in energy storage?
A
Lipids
19
Q
When many simple sugar molecules are joined together a _________________ results
A
Polysaccharides
20
Q
When many amino acids are joined together a ________ results
A
Polypeptide
21
Q
When glycerol and fatty acids are joined together a ________ results.
A
Neutral fat
22
Q
When many nucleotides are joined together a _________ results
A
Nucleic acid
23
Q
The bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide are called __________ bonds
A
Peptide
24
Q
A buffer is a substance that helps to stabilize or maintain _____
A
pH
25
If you saw the following in a molecules N-C-C-N-N-N you would be looking at a _________
Dipeptide
26
Isotopes have the same number of _______ but different numbers of _________
Protons/Neutrons
27
ATP is a ____________ associated with energy in the body
Nucleotide
28
Which three components make up a nucleotide
Sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate
29
Glucose is found in which molecules
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
30
Hydrogen bonds are
Weak
31
Ionic bonds are _____
Strong
32
Covalent bonds are ____
Strong
33
What kind of reactions is this?
Sucrose + Water ——> Glucose + Fructose
Hydrolysis
34
If a substance had a chemical formula of C12H24O12, this substance would be a
Carbohydrate
| 2:1 ratio
35
Glucose is a…..
Monosaccharide
36
Denaturing of a protein can be reversed by simply returning the environmental conditions (temperature, pH, etc.) back to normal.
True or False
False
Explanation:
Can you "uncook" an egg by turning down the temperature? No!
37
Enzymes are made from
A. protein
B. lipid
C. carbohydrate
D. nucleic acid
A. Protein
38
The name of all simple sugars (simple carbohydrates) end with the suffix ______
“ose”
39
The electrons in water are not shared equally around the molecule. Therefore water has a slight + and - charge at the opposite ends of the molecule. Because of this, water is said to be ______, which makes it a really good solvent
Polar
40
Which nucleotide is the “energy currency” of the body?
ATP
41
Which reaction would be used to join two glucose molecules together?
Dehydration Synthesis
42
Cell membranes are constructed mostly of this lipid
Phospholipid
43
Which of the following will NOT denature a protein?
A. Cold Temperature
B. High temperature
C. Significant pH change
D. Presence of heavy metal ions
A. Cold temperatures
44
The function of a protein is determined by its shape. Shape is MOSTLY determined by?
Tertiary structure
45
Which nitrogenous base does DNA not contain
Uracil
46
RNA contains all of the following nitrogenous bases expect
```
A. Uracil
B. Thymine
C. Guanine
D. Cytosine
E. Adenine
```
B. Thymine
47
DNA is ________ stranded, while RNA is ______ stranded.
DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded
48
An emulsifier increases the surface area of _______
Lipids
49
Enzymes are made from
Proteins
50
DNA is made from
Nucleotides
51
Triglycerides are made from
Fatty acids
52
Proteins are made from
Amino acids
53
If a dipeptide was broken down into amino acids, this would be an example of a _________ reaction.
Hydrolysis
54
The bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide are called __________ bonds
Peptide
55
Enzymes are made from
Protein
56
What substance is made up of two sugar subunits
Disaccharide
57
Starch is a
Polysaccharide
58
Glucose is a
Monosaccharide
59
Maltose is a
Disaccharide
60
Bond direction reversing between every second subunit is characteristic of
Alpha linkage or beta linkage?
Beta linkage
61
Which Nucleic acid has a double helix structure?
DNA or RNA
DNA
62
What is the energy currency of the nucleotides called? (ATP)
adenosine triphosphate
63
A polymer made up of many amino acids joined together is called
Polypeptide
64
A fatty acid which has no double bonds between carbon atoms is called
Saturated fatty acid
65
Soap is one type of ______ which are substances which help break fat droplets into small fat droplets to help them mix with water.
Emulsifier
66
A Nucleic acid which is single stranded
RNA
67
The process breaks bonds between subunits in organic polymers
Hydrolysis
68
The carbohydrate that makes up cell walls of plants
Cellulose
69
Another name for “fat”
Lipid
70
The storage form of carbohydrates in plants
Starch
71
Acidity is created by excess _______ ions in solution
Hydrogen
72
Heavy ______ can alter the 3 dimensional shape of a protein
Metals
73
A nucleotide is made up of a _____, a pentose sugar and nitrogen base
Phosphate
74
A pH above 7.0 is considered
Basic
75
This element, common in living organisms can form up to four bonds with other substances
Carbon
76
Forms when two glucose molecules are joined together
Maltose
77
_________ are lipids which contain four rings in their chemical structure
Steroids
78
It is said that life on earth is __________
Carbon based
79
What is the study of the chemicals of life
Biochemistry
80
What is the study of carbon compounds
Organic chemistry
81
Carbon atoms in chains rotate forming what kind of bonds?
Single, double or triple bonds
82
Maltose is a
Disaccharide
83
The atomic number indicates the number of
Protons
84
An isotope is a variant of an element which has different number of
Neutrons
85
An ion is a charged version of an atom which has a different number of _________ than the normal atom
Electrons
86
The strongest of the chemical bonds are _______ bonds
Covalent
87
Hydrogen and carbon must be present in any __________ chemical compounds
Organic
88
Water forms ______ bonds between its molecules
Hydrogen
89
Acid releases ______ ions into solution
H+
90
Bases release ________ ions into solution
OH-
91
What is polymer formation
A polymer is a large molecule formed from repeating subunits of smaller molecules
E.g. proteins, starch and DNA
92
Another word for polymer
Macromolecules
93
What forms from repeating subunits of smaller molecules
Proteins, starch and DNA
94
Explain dehydration synthesis
In this process water is produced as a byproduct. This is how two amino acids form a dipeptide
95
This process forms large molecules (polymer) from small molecules
Dehydration Synthesis
96
In dehydration synthesis one molecule loses an ___ and the other loses an ___
H+, OH+
97
Large polypeptides are called
Proteins
98
Hydro means =
| Lysis means =
Hydro means = water
| Lysis means = split
99
What is the different between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
In dehydration synthesis an H2O molecules is added to create amino acids which form a dipeptide, hydrolysis is the exact opposite
100
What are amino acids
Unit molecules of proteins
101
What is polymerization
Polymerization is how a chain of amino acids is linked together to form a protein
102
Two amino acids is linked together is called a
Dipeptide
103
Chains great than two amino acids are called
Polypeptides
104
The 4 levels of protein structure
Primary, Secondary, tertiary, quaternary
105
Glucose is found in which molecules
Cellulose, starch, glycogen
106
A Nucleic acid with a double helix shape
DNA
107
_____ bonds are strong
Covalent
108
A six carbon sugar
Hexose
109
This level of protein structure can either be an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Secondary
110
A pH below 7.0 is considered
Acidic
111
A carbohydrate made up of many subunits
Polysaccharide
112
A fatty acid which contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms is called
Unsaturated fatty acid
113
This level of protein structure is the sequence of the amino acids that make up the protein
Primary
114
Carbohydrates help provide us with
Energy
115
A special kind of nucleotide which is used to transmit energy within living organisms
ATP
116
A Nucleic acid with a double helix shape
DNA
117
_____ bonds are strong
Covalent
118
A six carbon sugar
Hexose
119
This level of protein structure can either be an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Secondary
120
A special kind of nucleotide which is used to transmit energy within living organisms
ATP
121
Carbohydrates help provide us with pH of 7.0 is considered
Neutral
122
Compounds which are primarily made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen are called
Organic compounds
123
A proteins three dimensional shape is extremely important in order for it to ________ properly
Function
124
________ are a type of lipid that make up a significant portion of the cell membrane
Phospholipids
125
A disaccharide formed when a glucose and fructose molecule join together
Sucrose
126
A carbohydrate made up of only one subunit
Monosaccharide
127
This process creates bonds between subunits in organic polymers
Dehydration synthesis
128
What causes a protein to lose its shape
Excessive heat
129
The term for a protein losing its three dimensional shape
Denaturation
130
The sub unit that makes up polypeptides
Amino acids
131
A 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is a characteristic ______ molecule
Carbohydrate
132
A neutral fat that contained glycerol and only one fatty acid chain would would be called a _____ glycerine
Mono
133
A substance which helps hold the pH of a solution relatively constant is called a
Buffer
134
The type of carbohydrate used in ur cells
Glucose
135
A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
Phosphate
136
A carbohydrate made up of two subunits (or rings)
Disaccharide
137
This level of protein structure occurs when two or more proteins join with each other to form a larger protein structure
Quaternary
138
A molecule made up of two amino acids joined together
Dipeptide
139
This level of protein structure occurs when the protein begins to fold upon itself creating 3D shape
Tertiary
140
The storage form of carbohydrates in animals
Glycogen
141
This is the sequence of three atoms which is a characteristic of an amino acid
NCC
142
This level of protein structure is the sequence of the amino acids that make up the protein
Primary
143
A fatty acid which contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms is called
Unsaturated fatty acid
144
A carbohydrate made up of many subunits
Polysaccharide
145
A pH below 7.0 is considered
Acidic
146
What are large polypeptides called?
Proteins
