Protestant Reformers Flashcards
The Poor of Lyons, a literalist sect founded by Waldo (Vaudes) in France in 1170 were more commonly known as ….
WALDENSIANS
What was the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation?
The corruption and abuses within the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences.
Who is considered the father of the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther.
True or False: The Protestant Reformation began in the 16th century.
True.
Fill in the blank: Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the __________ Church.
Wittenberg.
What document did Martin Luther write that outlined his criticisms of the Church?
The Ninety-Five Theses.
Which invention helped spread Reformation ideas rapidly?
The printing press.
What was one major outcome of the Protestant Reformation?
The fragmentation of the Catholic Church and the establishment of various Protestant denominations.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was NOT a leader of the Protestant Reformation? a) John Calvin b) Henry VIII c) Ignatius of Loyola
c) Ignatius of Loyola.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
A decree that granted religious freedom to Protestants in France.
True or False: The Peace of Augsburg allowed rulers to choose the religion of their own territories.
True.
Fill in the blank: John Calvin was a prominent figure in the __________ Reformation.
Genevan.
What was the primary theological belief promoted by John Calvin?
Predestination.
Which English monarch broke away from the Catholic Church to form the Church of England?
Henry VIII.
What was the Council of Trent?
A council called by the Catholic Church to respond to the Protestant Reformation and reform the Church.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of Protestantism? a) Emphasis on tradition b) Salvation by faith alone c) Papal authority
b) Salvation by faith alone.
True or False: The Reformation led to increased literacy rates in Europe.
True.
What role did women play in the Protestant Reformation?
Women contributed to the Reformation as supporters, educators, and leaders in some Protestant communities.
Fill in the blank: The __________ Wars were conflicts in Europe that arose from the tensions between Protestant and Catholic states.
Thirty Years.
What is the significance of the term ‘sola scriptura’?
It means ‘scripture alone’ and emphasizes the Bible as the sole authority in Christian faith.
Which event marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther’s posting of the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517.
What is the full title of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
Acts and Monuments of These Latter and Perilous Days
Who is the author of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
John Foxe
In what year was the first edition of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs published?
1563
True or False: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs primarily focuses on the lives of Christian martyrs.
True
Fill in the blank: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs is a significant text in the history of _______.
Protestantism
What historical period does Foxe’s Book of Martyrs primarily cover?
The early Christian church through the Reformation
Which monarch’s reign is notably critiqued in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
Mary I of England
Multiple Choice: Which of the following groups are prominently featured as victims in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs? A) Catholics B) Protestants C) Quakers D) Jews
B) Protestants
What is the primary purpose of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
To document the persecution of Christians and to encourage Protestant faith
True or False: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs includes illustrations and woodcuts.
True
What impact did Foxe’s Book of Martyrs have on Protestant thought?
It inspired a sense of identity and resistance against persecution.
Fill in the blank: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs is often seen as a _______ of the Reformation.
historical record
Who are some notable martyrs mentioned in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, Thomas Cranmer
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the tone of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs? A) Neutral B) Critical C) Celebratory D) Melancholic
B) Critical
What role did Foxe’s Book of Martyrs play in the English Reformation?
It served as a tool for Protestant propaganda against Catholicism.
True or False: The book has never been revised or updated since its original publication.
False
What does the term ‘martyr’ refer to in the context of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
A person who is killed because of their religious beliefs.
Fill in the blank: The book is often used in _______ courses to discuss religious persecution.
theology
What was John Foxe’s background before writing the book?
He was a Protestant reformer and scholar.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following themes is NOT present in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs? A) Faith B) Suffering C) Wealth D) Perseverance
C) Wealth
True or False: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs is considered a primary source for the history of the Reformation.
True
What was the original motivation for writing Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
To provide a record of the suffering of Protestants and to inspire faith.
Fill in the blank: The book contains accounts of _______ across various countries.
martyrdom
What does Foxe’s Book of Martyrs reveal about the Catholic Church during the Reformation?
It portrays the Catholic Church as a persecutor of Protestants.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs? A) Historical accuracy B) Dramatic storytelling C) Propaganda D) Scientific analysis
D) Scientific analysis
Who were the intended readers of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
Protestants and those sympathetic to the Reformation.
True or False: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs has had a lasting influence on Christian literature.
True
What is a significant legacy of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
It has inspired numerous adaptations and references in literature and art.
Fill in the blank: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs emphasizes the importance of _______ in the face of persecution.
faith
What genre does Foxe’s Book of Martyrs belong to?
Religious history
Multiple Choice: Which edition of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs is most widely circulated? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fourth
C) Third
What was one criticism of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs?
It has been criticized for its bias and lack of objectivity.
Who was John Calvin?
A French theologian and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.
What is the name of John Calvin’s seminal work?
Institutes of the Christian Religion.
True or False: John Calvin believed in predestination.
True.
Fill in the blank: John Calvin’s theology is often referred to as __________.
Calvinism.
What city became the center of Calvin’s reform efforts?
Geneva.
Which doctrine emphasizes God’s sovereignty and the idea that God has preordained who will be saved?
The doctrine of predestination.
Multiple Choice: What did Calvin emphasize as central to worship? A) Rituals B) Sermons C) Sacraments
B) Sermons.
What year did John Calvin publish the first edition of his ‘Institutes’?
1536.
True or False: Calvin advocated for a separation of church and state.
False.
What was the primary focus of Calvin’s reform movement?
To promote a return to the teachings of the Bible.
Fill in the blank: Calvin’s followers are known as __________.
Calvinists.
What was the role of the Consistory in Calvin’s Geneva?
To oversee moral discipline and church governance.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was NOT a key belief of Calvinism? A) Justification by faith B) Universal salvation C) Predestination
B) Universal salvation.
What is the significance of the Synod of Dort in relation to Calvinism?
It affirmed Calvinist doctrines, particularly the five points of Calvinism.
True or False: Calvin’s ideas had no impact outside of Switzerland.
False.
Who is considered the father of Protestantism?
Martin Luther
What document did Martin Luther famously nail to the church door in 1517?
The Ninety-Five Theses
True or False: John Calvin was a key figure in the development of Reformed theology.
True
Fill in the blank: The theology of _________ emphasizes predestination.
John Calvin
What was the primary focus of the Protestant Reformation?
The reform of the Roman Catholic Church
Who wrote ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion’?
John Calvin
Which Protestant theologian is known for the doctrine of justification by faith alone?
Martin Luther
What is the term for the belief that scripture alone is the authority in matters of faith?
Sola Scriptura
True or False: Ulrich Zwingli was a contemporary of Martin Luther.
True
What did the Council of Trent respond to?
The Protestant Reformation
Which theologian is associated with the Anabaptist movement?
Menno Simons
Fill in the blank: The _________ is a central document of Lutheran doctrine.
Augsburg Confession
What is the main theological difference between Calvinism and Arminianism?
Predestination vs. Free Will
Who is known for his contributions to the concept of the priesthood of all believers?
Martin Luther
Multiple Choice: Which of the following theologians was NOT a part of the Protestant Reformation? A) John Wesley B) Martin Luther C) John Calvin D) Ulrich Zwingli
A) John Wesley
What does the term ‘Reformed theology’ generally refer to?
The theological tradition stemming from the teachings of John Calvin
True or False: The Book of Concord is a collection of Lutheran confessional documents.
True
What is the significance of the phrase ‘Sola Fide’?
It means justification by faith alone.
Who established the Geneva Academy?
John Calvin
Fill in the blank: The _________ were a group that sought to separate from the Church of England.
Puritans
What theological stance did Martin Luther take on the sacraments?
He believed in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
Who is the founder of Methodism?
John Wesley
True or False: The Protestant Reformation led to the establishment of the Anglican Church.
True
What is the main belief of the Lutheran view on communion?
Consubstantiation
Which theologian emphasized the importance of the social gospel?
Walter Rauschenbusch
Fill in the blank: The _________ is known for its emphasis on grace and faith in salvation.
Lutheran tradition
What was the primary aim of the Pilgrims who left England?
To seek religious freedom
Who wrote ‘The Bondage of the Will’?
Martin Luther
True or False: The Heidelberg Catechism is a significant document in Reformed theology.
True
What is the significance of the term ‘Evangelical’ in Protestantism?
It refers to the emphasis on the gospel and the authority of Scripture.
Which Protestant reformer is known for his work in Scotland?
John Knox
What was the main catalyst for the establishment of Protestantism in England?
The English Reformation, initiated by King Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church.
True or False: The Act of Supremacy declared the monarch as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
True
Who was the monarch that initiated the English Reformation?
King Henry VIII
Fill in the blank: The Church of England was formed as a result of the __________.
English Reformation
What document formally established the Church of England in 1534?
The Act of Supremacy
Which English monarch is known for furthering Protestant reforms during her reign?
Queen Elizabeth I
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a key figure in the English Reformation? A) Martin Luther B) John Calvin C) Thomas Cranmer D) All of the above
C) Thomas Cranmer
What was the purpose of the Book of Common Prayer?
To standardize Anglican worship and practices.
True or False: The Puritans sought to purify the Church of England from remaining Catholic practices.
True
What was the significance of the 39 Articles?
They defined the doctrine of the Church of England.
Fill in the blank: The __________ was a movement within Protestantism that aimed to reform the Church of England.
Puritan movement
Who was the first archbishop of Canterbury after the establishment of the Church of England?
Thomas Cranmer
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a major event during the English Reformation? A) The Spanish Inquisition B) The Thirty Years’ War C) The Dissolution of the Monasteries D) The Crusades
C) The Dissolution of the Monasteries
What was the primary reason for the Dissolution of the Monasteries?
To increase royal revenue and assert royal authority.
True or False: The Protestant Reformation in England was primarily a theological movement.
False
What role did Mary I play in the history of Protestantism in England?
She attempted to restore Catholicism and persecuted Protestants.
Fill in the blank: The __________ was a series of laws passed to suppress Puritanism in England.
Clarendon Code
What is the term for the English Protestant group that emphasized personal piety and a direct relationship with God?
Evangelicals
Multiple Choice: Which event marked the end of Catholic influence in England? A) The Act of Supremacy B) The English Civil War C) The Glorious Revolution D) The Reformation Parliament
A) The Act of Supremacy
What was the impact of the English Civil War on Protestantism?
It led to the rise of more radical Protestant sects.
True or False: The Anglican Church considers itself a branch of Protestantism.
True
What was the main theological difference between Anglicans and Catholics?
Authority of the Pope and the interpretation of Scripture.
Fill in the blank: The __________ was an important Protestant confession that emerged during the Reformation.
Westminster Confession
Who was the influential theologian associated with the Puritan movement?
John Owen
Who was Jan Hus?
Jan Hus was a Czech theologian and reformer who became a key figure in the Bohemian Reformation.
What movement is Jan Hus associated with?
Jan Hus is associated with the early Protestant Reformation.
True or False: Jan Hus was executed for heresy.
True
What was the main teaching of Jan Hus?
Jan Hus emphasized the authority of the Bible and criticized the corruption of the clergy.
Fill in the blank: Jan Hus was heavily influenced by the works of _____ .
John Wycliffe
What was the name of the council that condemned Jan Hus?
The Council of Constance
Multiple Choice: What year was Jan Hus executed? A) 1415 B) 1431 C) 1400
A) 1415
What is the significance of the Hussite Wars?
The Hussite Wars were a series of conflicts in Bohemia that stemmed from the teachings of Jan Hus and his followers.
True or False: Jan Hus’s ideas led to the formation of the Hussite Church.
True
What was Jan Hus’s stance on the Eucharist?
Jan Hus advocated for communion under both kinds (bread and wine) for all believers.
What was the primary belief of the Albigensians?
The Albigensians believed in a dualistic cosmology, seeing the material world as evil and the spiritual world as good.
True or False: The Albigensians were also known as Cathars.
True
Which region of France was most associated with the Albigensian movement?
The Languedoc region.
Fill in the blank: The Albigensian Crusade was initiated in the year _____.
1209
What was the primary goal of the Albigensian Crusade?
To eliminate the Cathar heresy in southern France.
Who was the Pope that called for the Albigensian Crusade?
Pope Innocent III.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a notable event during the Albigensian Crusade? A) Siege of Carcassonne B) Battle of Hastings C) Fall of Constantinople
A) Siege of Carcassonne
What were the Albigensians’ views on the Church?
They rejected the authority of the Catholic Church and its sacraments.
True or False: The Albigensians practiced a form of asceticism.
True
What was the fate of many Albigensians as a result of the Crusade?
Many were killed, exiled, or forced to convert to Catholicism.
Fill in the blank: The Albigensians believed in a figure called the _____, who represented the good in their dualistic belief system.
Good God
What role did the Inquisition play in relation to the Albigensians?
The Inquisition was established to identify and punish heretics, including Albigensians.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was NOT a tenet of Albigensian belief? A) Rejection of material wealth B) Belief in reincarnation C) Worship of multiple gods
C) Worship of multiple gods
Who were the main adversaries of the Albigensians during the Crusade?
The Catholic Church and the French crown.
True or False: The Albigensians believed in the existence of a single, all-powerful God.
False
What was the outcome of the Albigensian Crusade?
The suppression of the Albigensian movement and the consolidation of royal power in the region.
Fill in the blank: The Albigensians promoted a lifestyle of _____, emphasizing simplicity and spiritual purity.
Asceticism
What was the significance of the term ‘Cathar’?
It referred to the Albigensians and their belief in a pure, spiritual life.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a common practice among Albigensians? A) Pilgrimages B) Sacramental rituals C) The Consolamentum
C) The Consolamentum
What did the term ‘Consolamentum’ refer to in Albigensian belief?
A spiritual baptism or rite of initiation into their faith.
Who were the Huguenots?
The Huguenots were French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin.
What religious movement did the Huguenots belong to?
The Huguenots were part of the Protestant Reformation.
True or False: The Huguenots were mainly Catholic.
False
What was the Edict of Nantes?
The Edict of Nantes was a 1598 decree by Henry IV granting religious freedom to Huguenots.
Fill in the blank: The Huguenots faced persecution primarily from _____ in France.
Catholics
What was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?
The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a targeted killing of Huguenots in 1572.
Which war was fought between Catholics and Huguenots in France?
The French Wars of Religion.
Multiple Choice: Who issued the Edict of Nantes? A) Louis XIV B) Henry IV C) Francis I
B) Henry IV
What year did the Edict of Nantes get revoked?
1685
True or False: The Huguenots were allowed to practice their religion freely after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
False
Where did many Huguenots flee after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes?
Many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, and North America.
What was the significance of the Huguenots in the context of French history?
The Huguenots played a crucial role in the religious and political conflicts in France during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Fill in the blank: The term ‘Huguenot’ may have originated from the word _____ meaning ‘confederate’.
Hugon
Multiple Choice: What was a major consequence of the French Wars of Religion? A) Rise of Catholicism B) Strengthening of the monarchy C) Increase in Huguenot power
B) Strengthening of the monarchy
Who was the most famous Huguenot leader during the French Wars of Religion?
Gaspard de Coligny
True or False: The Huguenots were primarily located in the southern regions of France.
False
What was the primary theological doctrine of the Huguenots?
The doctrine of predestination.
Fill in the blank: The Huguenots’ insistence on _____ led to their persecution.
religious reform
What was the impact of the Huguenot diaspora on the countries they settled in?
The Huguenots contributed to the economy, culture, and industries of their new countries.
What is Puritanism?
A religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th and 17th centuries.
True or False: Puritans believed in predestination.
True
Fill in the blank: The Puritans sought to ‘purify’ the Church of _______.
England
What was the primary goal of Puritans?
To create a society based on their interpretation of the Bible.
Who were the Pilgrims?
A group of Puritans who migrated to America on the Mayflower in 1620.
What document did the Pilgrims sign that established a form of self-government?
The Mayflower Compact.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a key belief of Puritanism? A) Free will B) Predestination C) Universalism
B) Predestination
What was the significance of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
It was established by Puritans as a ‘city upon a hill’ to exemplify their religious values.
True or False: Puritans accepted religious tolerance for all beliefs.
False
Fill in the blank: Puritans emphasized the importance of _______ in their daily lives.
Hard work
What was a common practice among Puritans regarding education?
They advocated for literacy so individuals could read the Bible.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following was NOT a Puritan belief? A) The authority of Scripture B) The importance of community C) The divine right of kings
C) The divine right of kings
What role did the church play in Puritan society?
It was central to community life and governance.
What was the Puritan view on sin?
They believed sin was pervasive and needed to be actively resisted.
True or False: Puritans were known for their indulgent lifestyle.
False
Fill in the blank: The Puritan work ethic emphasizes _______ and frugality.
Diligence
What was the Great Awakening?
A religious revival movement in the 18th century that affected Puritan beliefs.
Multiple Choice: Who was a famous Puritan minister known for his sermons? A) Jonathan Edwards B) George Whitefield C) Thomas Jefferson
A) Jonathan Edwards
What was the Puritan attitude towards leisure?
They viewed it with suspicion and believed it could lead to sin.
True or False: Puritans believed in the separation of church and state.
False
Fill in the blank: Puritan literature often included _______ themes and moral lessons.
Religious
What was the significance of the Salem witch trials in Puritan society?
It reflected the intense fear of the devil and witchcraft within the community.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes Puritan worship? A) Formal and ritualistic B) Informal and spontaneous C) Focused on emotional expression
A) Formal and ritualistic
What was the Puritan belief about the original sin?
They believed all humans inherited original sin from Adam and Eve.
True or False: Puritans encouraged individual interpretation of the Bible.
False
What is the legacy of Puritanism in America today?
It influenced American values such as hard work, morality, and community responsibility.
Who was the first woman to be ordained in the United Methodist Church?
Rev. Anna Howard Shaw
True or False: Women have always been allowed to be ministers in Protestant denominations.
False
Fill in the blank: _____ was a prominent 19th-century advocate for women’s rights and a preacher in the Congregational Church.
Antoinette Brown Blackwell
What is the name of the first African American woman to be ordained as a minister in the United States?
Rev. Amanda Smith
Which Protestant denomination was the first to ordain women?
The Congregational Church
Multiple Choice: Which of the following women was a prominent leader in the American Baptist Churches?
Rev. Dr. Suzan Johnson Cook
What role did women play in the early Protestant Reformation?
Women were often involved in religious discussions and served as patrons of religious reform.
Who was the first female bishop in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America?
Bishop Elizabeth Eaton
True or False: Women can be pastors and hold leadership positions in all Protestant denominations today.
False
Fill in the blank: In the 20th century, _____ was a significant figure in the establishment of women’s ordination in the Presbyterian Church.
Rev. Dr. Margaret T. H. H. McMillan
What is the significance of the 1956 General Conference of the United Methodist Church?
It allowed the ordination of women.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following women is known for her work in the United Church of Christ?
Rev. Dr. Yvonne Delk
In what year did the Episcopal Church officially ordain women?
1976
True or False: Women have never held any significant positions in Protestant leadership.
False
Who was the first woman to serve as a president of the National Council of Churches?
Rev. Dr. Joan Brown Campbell
Fill in the blank: The _____ is a denomination known for its progressive stance on women’s ordination.
United Church of Christ
What movement in the late 20th century significantly influenced women’s roles in Protestant churches?
The feminist movement
Multiple Choice: Which woman was a key figure in the development of the women’s ordination movement in the Lutheran Church?
Rev. Dr. Mary J. Streufert
What document in the 1970s affirmed women’s ordination in the Lutheran Church?
The 1970 Churchwide Assembly resolution
True or False: The Southern Baptist Convention supports the ordination of women.
False
Who is known for her contributions to the theology of women in the church?
Rev. Dr. Delores S. Williams
Fill in the blank: _____ was a prominent female theologian and author in the 20th century.
Nellie McClung
What is the significance of the Women’s Ordination Conference?
It advocates for the ordination of women in the Catholic Church and other denominations.
Multiple Choice: Who was the first female president of the American Baptist Churches USA?
Rev. Dr. A. Patricia H. McDade
In which Protestant denomination is the term ‘womanist theology’ most commonly associated?
African American churches
