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Molecular biology > Proten synthesis, prions, gene regulation, and epigenetics > Flashcards

Proten synthesis, prions, gene regulation, and epigenetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two different ways an enhancer can act

A

Cis or trans (local or long distance)

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2
Q

What was the point of the olfactory receptor enhancer lesson

A

Different olfactory receptors may have had different sequences but the same enhancer sequence for all

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3
Q

What is a ortholog

A

Same gene found in two different species

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4
Q

How many reading frames do you need to determine if there is a protein-encoding sequence present

A

6

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5
Q

What is most cellular RNA made of

A

rRNA and tRNA

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6
Q

How much GTP is used in peptide growth

A

4 PO4 bonds: 2 loading A.A. onto tRNA, 1 when freeing elongation factor, 1 during peptide translocation

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7
Q

What two modifications are typically made if a gene is silenced

A

Heavy methylated or bound by histones

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8
Q

Define epigenetic

A

A change in phenotype brought about by heritable changes in gene regulation rather than the genotype itself

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9
Q

What does constitutive mean

A

always on

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10
Q

Does H3K9 turn on or off when methylated

A

5’ end= activation Farther 3’= deactivation

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11
Q

Definition of monocistronic

A

mRNA that caries the genetic information to translate a single protein chain (usually eukaryotes)

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12
Q

What are some of the ways gene expression is regulated

A
  1. Transcriptional level
  2. Transript processing and stability
  3. Way protein is folded
  4. Export out of nucleus
  5. Assembly of ribosomes at 5’ end
  6. Transnational control
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13
Q

How much of a cell’s RNA is mature (%)

A

3-5%

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14
Q

Does H3K4 turn on or off when trimethylated

A

On

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15
Q

What do insulators do

A

prevent enhancers from up regulating irrelevant promoters

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16
Q

What is a gene

A

Complete chromosomal segment responsible for making a functional product

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17
Q

Does AcH3 histone turn off or on when acetylated

A

On

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18
Q

What is the most important level of gene regulation

A

Transcription

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19
Q

T/F: the lowest free energy state of protein is always the best to be in

A

False

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20
Q

What does a chaperone do

A

Sequesters polypeptide away from other proteins to prevent aggegation

21
Q

Is a vaccinia virus in DNA in the cytoplasm part of your genome

A

No

22
Q

How transmissible are TSE’s

A

Very, transmitted by blood or can grow inside of a plant that has been exposed to the disease

23
Q

What is a clinical significance of histone bookmarking

A

Environmental exposures that affect epigenetic marks may affect phenotype for future generations (Rat vinclozolin example)

24
Q

What are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

A

inappropriate chaperone-like activity.

25
Q

What is histone bookmarking

A

Histone modifications may stay in the same place into next generation

26
Q

What is stochastic gene expression

A

Random intrinsic noise involving expression of different proteins that are not made at the same levels within individual cells

27
Q

Where does transcription start

A

transcription start site

28
Q

Why is there so little mature RNA in a cell

A

most fails to mature, and it’s short lived

29
Q

What is the mode of action for AZT

A

Inhibits DNA synthesis by terminating biosynthesis of nascent DNA molecule

30
Q

What mechanism do humans use to amplify the number of proteins

A

Alternative splicing

31
Q

What is primary protein structure

A

Linear sequence of amino acids

32
Q

What is a homolos

A

Similar gene

33
Q

What is secondary protein structure

A

Simple folds/coils

34
Q

what does an enhancer do

A

organize transcription factors and RNA polymerase on the promoter

35
Q

What is cachexia

A

Wasting away: rapid cellular proliferation, increased metabolisim

36
Q

Definition of polycistronic

A

mRNA that can encode more than one polypeptide separately within the same RNA molecule. (usually bacteria)

37
Q

Where does elongation factor load onto

A

‘A’ site of ribosome

38
Q

How can we take advantage of self-assembling nature of PrPsc

A

Amplify samples to detectable levels

39
Q

What does the promoter do

A

Assembly of RNA polymeraze complex with transcription. 5’ end

40
Q

What are some transcriptional control elements (5)

A
  1. Promoters 2. Enhancers 3. Silencers 4. DNA-binding proteins 5. Insulators
41
Q

What is a paralog

A

Multiple genes within a specie derived from ortholog

42
Q

Where does transcription stop

A

terminator

43
Q

What turns a promoter on

A

Enhancer

44
Q

Do epigenetic effects often have memory

A

Yes

45
Q

What is tertiary protein structure

A

overall conformation made up of multiple primary and secondary structures

46
Q

Why is stochastic gene expression significant

A

tumor suppressor genes if they are too variable my not produce enough at the right time losing regulation ability

47
Q

T/F: Some modifications of proteins are more resistant to TSE than the wild types

A

True

48
Q

What is quaternary protein structure

A

Multi-subunit associations of sub-units to make complete protein

Molecular biology (8 decks)

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