Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main targets of chemical carcinogens (2)

A

Mutated proto-oncogenes Mutated tumor suppressor genes

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2
Q

What are the major carcinogens

A

Chemical (DNA damage repair), physical (UV radiation), Heritable, passive, biological(retroviruses), multistep

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3
Q

What are the 6 ways cancer is different from normal cells

A
  1. Sustaning proliferative signaling 2. Evade growth surpressors 3. Activating metastasis 4. Enabling replicative immortality 5. Induce angiogenesis 6. Resist cell death
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4
Q

What is the promotion stage of multistep carcinogenesis

A

Clonal expansion of initiated cells, promoters cause proliferation, cells can have mutations causing malignancy

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5
Q

What do normal oncogenes do

A

regulate cell activity

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6
Q

What cancer does neuroectodermal tissue give rise to

A

brain tumors

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7
Q

What are normal cells that have potential to become cancerous

A

proto oncogenes

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8
Q

What do hematopoietic tissue cancer give rise to

A

Lymphomas/leukemias

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9
Q

What does sustaining proliferative signaling mean

A

ability to proliferate without external stimuli

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10
Q

Why is it so difficult to detect cancer in early stages

A

not visible

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11
Q

What is the best way to protect against cancer

A

early detection

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12
Q

What is the most common defects of DNA repair

A

O6 guanine becomes methylated

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13
Q

What does cancer of the epithelium give rise to

A

Carcinomas

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14
Q

What are the 3 steps in multistep carcinogenesis

A
  1. Initiation 2. Promotion 3. Progression
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15
Q

what is induced angiogenesis mediated by

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

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16
Q

What is Peto’s paradox

A

If you’re a larger animal, you should get more cancer

17
Q

What is cancer

A

Loss of growth or spatial control

18
Q

what cacer does mesenchymal tissue give rise to

A

sacromas

19
Q

Cancer nutrition effects what three things

A

Carb, protein, and lipid metabolisim

20
Q

What is a mutated proto oncogene

A

oncogene

21
Q

What is the progression stage of mulitstep carcinogenesis

A

Irreversible karyotypic change in genome, conversion of benign to malignant, open-ended process

22
Q

What does chemotherapy target

A

dividing cells