Cancer Flashcards
What are the main targets of chemical carcinogens (2)
Mutated proto-oncogenes Mutated tumor suppressor genes
What are the major carcinogens
Chemical (DNA damage repair), physical (UV radiation), Heritable, passive, biological(retroviruses), multistep
What are the 6 ways cancer is different from normal cells
- Sustaning proliferative signaling 2. Evade growth surpressors 3. Activating metastasis 4. Enabling replicative immortality 5. Induce angiogenesis 6. Resist cell death
What is the promotion stage of multistep carcinogenesis
Clonal expansion of initiated cells, promoters cause proliferation, cells can have mutations causing malignancy
What do normal oncogenes do
regulate cell activity
What cancer does neuroectodermal tissue give rise to
brain tumors
What are normal cells that have potential to become cancerous
proto oncogenes
What do hematopoietic tissue cancer give rise to
Lymphomas/leukemias
What does sustaining proliferative signaling mean
ability to proliferate without external stimuli
Why is it so difficult to detect cancer in early stages
not visible
What is the best way to protect against cancer
early detection
What is the most common defects of DNA repair
O6 guanine becomes methylated
What does cancer of the epithelium give rise to
Carcinomas
What are the 3 steps in multistep carcinogenesis
- Initiation 2. Promotion 3. Progression
what is induced angiogenesis mediated by
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
What is Peto’s paradox
If you’re a larger animal, you should get more cancer
What is cancer
Loss of growth or spatial control
what cacer does mesenchymal tissue give rise to
sacromas
Cancer nutrition effects what three things
Carb, protein, and lipid metabolisim
What is a mutated proto oncogene
oncogene
What is the progression stage of mulitstep carcinogenesis
Irreversible karyotypic change in genome, conversion of benign to malignant, open-ended process
What does chemotherapy target
dividing cells
