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biology paper 1 nov. mock 2022 > proteinsynthesis > Flashcards

proteinsynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

define gene

A

base sequence of DNA that codes for the aminoacid sequence of a polypeptide or a functional RNA

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2
Q

define gene locus

A

the fixed position a gene occupies

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3
Q

define chromsome

A

one DNA molecule folded into a condensed form, wrapped around histone proteins in eukaryotes

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4
Q

what is an intron

A

DNA base sequences within genes which dont code for an amino acid sequence

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5
Q

what is an exon

A

DNA base sequences within genes that code for an amino acid sequence

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6
Q

what are non-coding multiple repeates

A

DNA base sequences betwen genes which do not code for an amino acid sequence

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7
Q

why is genetic code known as degenerate

A

more than one triplet can code for the same amino acid

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8
Q

why is genetic code known as non-overlapping

A

every triplet codes for one amino acid

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9
Q

why is genetic code described as universal

A

the same tiplets code for the same amino acids in all living organisms

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10
Q

what is the genome

A

the complete set of gene in a cell

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11
Q

what is the proteome

A

full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

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12
Q

state the differences between a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide

A
  • DNA nucleotides consist or a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and a base whereas RNA nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a ribose. sugar and a base
  • instead of thymine on DNA, RNA has uracil
    -DNA is a double helix, whereas RNA is only one polynucleotide strand
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13
Q

describe the structureof mRRNA

A
  • single stranded polypeptide chain
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14
Q

describe th structure of tRNA

A

one polynucleotide chain with regions where it is double stranded giving it a clover leaf structure.
- has a binding site complimentary to a specific amino acid
- has a regio of 3 bases known as an anticodon.

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15
Q

what is a triplet

A

3 DNA bases whihc ocde for a specific amino acid

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16
Q

what is a codon

A

a sequence of three bases on mRNA molecule which code for a specific amino acid

17
Q

what is an anticodon

A

a sequence of 3 bases on a tRNA molecule which code for a specific amino acid

18
Q

what is splicing

A

process by which introns are removd from the mRNA strand.

19
Q

describe the process of transcription

A
  • an ezyme attaches to and unwinds DNA double heliix at site to be transcribed
  • hydrogen bonds between the two strands are broken, DNA strands separate
  • one strand is used as a template
  • free RNA nucleotides join to the exposed DNA bases and bind via complimentary base pairing: adenine to thymine, cystosin to guanine.
  • the ezyme RNA polymerase joiins free RNA nucleotides toogether forming phosphodiester bonds which form pre-mRNA ehich contain intrns and exons.
  • introns are removed by splicing
  • exons are joined together tp produce an RNA molecules that coes for the protein or functional RNA
20
Q

describe the process of translation

A

-mRNA attatches to ribosome
- 2 codons fit into the ribsome at one time
- tRNA carrying a specific amino acid binds to the first codon on mRNA via complimentary base pairing
- a second tRNA strand carrying a specific amino acid binds to second codon on mRNA starnd via complimentary base pairing with its anticodon.
- enzymes join aminoacids together forming pepptide bonds using energy from hydrolysis of ATP
- ribosome moves onto netx codon
- tRN is removed fom first codon and collects another of the same amino acid.
- anoher tRNA carrying a specific amino acid binds to the 3rd codon on mRNA via complimentary base ppairing with its anticodon and a new peptie bond is formed
- this process repeats until a stop codon is reaached
- polyypeptide detaches from the ribosome.

21
Q

describe the differences in DNA between prokaryotic/ chloroplast/ mitochondria DNA and Eukaryotic DNA

A

prokaryotic, chloroplast and mitochondria DNA:
- circular
- shorter than eukaryotic
- not associated with histone proteins
- does not form chromosomes
-does not contain no-coding DNA

eukaryotic DNA:
- linear DNA
- associated with histone proteins
- forms chromosomes
- contains introns and no-coding multiple repeats

biology paper 1 nov. mock 2022 (10 decks)

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