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BDS1 > 🥼 proteins, polysaccharides & lipids > Flashcards

🥼 proteins, polysaccharides & lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polysaccharide of amino acids.

Examples include amylase, haemoglobin, and collagen.

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2
Q

How are proteins mainly grouped?

A

Into globular and fibrous proteins.

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3
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymers of monosaccharides which function as energy storage and structural support.

Examples include glycogen, cellulose, and starch.

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4
Q

What are lipids?

A

Polymers of fatty acids which move and store energy.

Examples include glycerol and cholesterol.

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5
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Polymers of nucleotides involved in the storage and expression of genomic information.

Example includes DNA.

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6
Q

What is an α-helix?

A

A secondary structure in strong, extensible proteins, stabilised by hydrogen bonds.

Examples include haemoglobin, myoglobin, keratins, fibrins, and myosin.

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7
Q

What is a β-pleated sheet?

A

A secondary structure in zig-zagged chains of proteins where flexibility is needed, stabilised by hydrogen bonds.

Example includes silk fibroin (anti-parallel arrangement).

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8
Q

What is a triple helix?

A

A secondary structure of proteins only found in collagen, very strong and water-insoluble.

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9
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

One of the two major groups of proteins which are insoluble and metabolically non-reactive, principally structural proteins.

Examples include collagen, keratin, fibrin, elastin, and myosin.

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10
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

One of the two major groups of proteins which are spherical, water-soluble compact structures.

Examples include myoglobin (3˚) and haemoglobin (4˚).

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11
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A globular protein in tertiary structure responsible for oxygen storage in muscles, consisting of eight alpha helices connected by loops.

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12
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-rich protein with a quaternary structure in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

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13
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A

Proteins that are attached to or part of the cell membrane.

Includes peripheral proteins, integral proteins, channel proteins, and carrier proteins.

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14
Q

What are messenger proteins?

A

Proteins which allow cells to communicate with each other.

Examples include insulin, glucagon, and human growth hormone.

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15
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Membrane proteins on the membrane surface.

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16
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Membrane proteins within the lipid bilayer.

17
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

Membrane proteins which form a channel in membranes, facilitating movement of small molecules across the membrane.

18
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Membrane proteins which bind to transported molecules.

19
Q

What is insulin?

A

An example of a messenger protein which stimulates sugar uptake by cells from the bloodstream.

20
Q

What is glucagon?

A

An example of a messenger protein which stimulates sugar release by cells into the bloodstream.

21
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Carbohydrate molecules which contain two monosaccharides.

Examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

22
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

A carbohydrate consisting of one sugar unit.

Examples include glucose and fructose.

23
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

24
Q

What is starch?

A

An example of a polysaccharide made up of chains of glucose molecules, functioning as energy storage in plants.

25
Q

What is amylose?

A

An unbranched (linear) polysaccharide which is a component of starch, consisting of 5-600 glucose units.

26
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

A highly branched polysaccharide which is a component of starch.

27
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A branched polysaccharide that serves as a reserve of carbohydrates in the body.

28
Q

What is cellulose?

A

An unbranched polysaccharide made of β 1-4 linked glucose units which cannot be digested by animal enzymes.

29
Q

What are glycerides?

A

Esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids, generally very hydrophobic.

30
Q

What are diaglycerides?

A

Major components of biological membranes made of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule.

31
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Monomers of fats in our bodies and in the food we eat.

32
Q

What are sterols?

A

A group of naturally occurring unsaturated steroid alcohols.

Example includes cholesterol.

33
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A sterol embedded in the cell membrane, contributing to its structure and fluidity.

BDS1 (9 decks)

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