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proteins and nucleic acids Flashcards

1
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

information macromolecules that encode instructions for the synthesis of proteins
- large, linear polymers

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2
Q

what is the role of nucleic acids?

A

store and transmit genetic info

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3
Q

what are nucleotides?

A

monomers of nucleic acids

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4
Q

what is rna and its role?

A

involved in decoding genetic info from DNA
- usually single-stranded ribose sugar phosphate linked together by nucleotides

specify type of sugar (ribose)

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5
Q

what is mrna and its role?

A

messenger rna: transcribed from dna in nucleus
- carries copy of genetic instructions for protein synthesis to ribosomes in cytoplasm

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6
Q

what is rrna and its role?

A

ribosomal rna: rna strand that binds to proteins to form ribosomes that assembles amino acids

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7
Q

what is trna and its role?

A

transfer rna:
- carries specific amino acids to the ribosome

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8
Q

DUUN

what are the properties of the genetic code?

A
  • degenerate
  • universal
  • unambiguous
  • non-overlapping
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9
Q

describe the universal property of the genetic code

A

nearly all organisms use the same codon to code for specific amino acids

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10
Q

describe the unambiguous property of the genetic code

A

each codon is only capable of coding for one specific amino acid

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11
Q

describe the degenerate property of the genetic code

A

each amino acid may be coded for by multiple different codons

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12
Q

describe the non-overlapping property of the genetic code

A

each triplet or codon is read independently, without overhanging to adjacent triplets or codons

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13
Q

what is gene expression?

A

process of reading the info stored within a gene to create a functional product (typically a protein)

always specify which dna strand ur talking about

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14
Q

what is transcription?

A

create a complementary strand of mrna from info stored in dna template strand

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15
Q

outline the process of transcription

A
  • rna polymerase catalyses transcription of dna template strand into pre-mrna
  • binds to the promoter region and travels along dna unwinding/unzipping it to expose bases
  • joins free-floating complementary rna nucleotides to dna template strand using uracil instead of thymine to pair w adenine
  • rna polymerase travels along dna until it reaches termination sequence
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16
Q

what is mrna editing?

A

pre-mrna made during transcription is modified before it leaves the nucleus

only in eukarys: prokarys only have exons that are directly translated

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17
Q

what is the purpose of modifications to the 5’ and 3’ ends of pre-mrna?

A

mrna exits the nucleus can remain stable long enough to be translated

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18
Q

what does the 5’ methly-G cap do?

A

stop degradation during transport from the nucleus

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19
Q

what does the poly-a-tail do?

A
  • protecti mrna from degradation
  • provide stability to mrna
20
Q

advantages of splicing?

A
  • alternative splicing: exons spliced together in different ways/different exon combos= create variations in the translated protein
21
Q

what is translation?

A

process that uses mrna to make a polypeptide chain

22
Q

outline the process of translation

A
  • ribosome binds to and reads the mRNA molecule
  • tRNA anticodons are complementary to the mRNA codons
  • tRNA brings the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome
  • adjacent amino acids are joined together into a polypeptide chain via a condensation reaction.

ends when stop codon recognised

23
Q

what is gene regulation and the purpose of it?

relate to trp operon

A

turning genes off and on
- increase or decrease production of specific products

controls expression of genes in trp operon

24
Q

what is the advantage of gene regulation?

relate to trp operon

A
  • does not produce unnecessary proteins= cells save more energy
  • production of the proteins coded for by the trp operon occurs only when necessary= ensures cell is never completely w/o trp
25
Q

what are regulatory genes?

A

dna sequences that code for proteins that control the expression of other genes

eg. repressor proteins, activator proteins

26
Q

what are structural genes?

relate to trp operon

A

dna sequences that code for proteins that are not regulatory proteins
- responsible for producing proteins that form the stucture or facilitate functioning of organism
-
code for proteins that will make trp

27
Q

what is an operon?

A

set of adjacent genes and nearby regulatory sequences that affect transcription of the genes

28
Q

what is the trp operon?

A

group of genes found in e.coli
- code for enzymes that make the amino acid tryptophan and the regulatory sequences that control their expression

regulated by trp repressor protein

29
Q

what are the gene regulation mechanisms?

2

A
  • repression: repressor protein stop the initiation of transcription when trp lvls are high
  • attenuation: premature ceasing of translation stops transcription when trp lvls are relatively high
30
Q

what is the promoter region?

A

binding site for rna polymerase
- denotes the starting position of transcription

31
Q

what is the operator region?

A

binding site for proteins that control gene expression

32
Q

what is the role of the repressor protein?

relate to trp

A

decrease/stop gene expression
- prevents rna polymerase from transcribing the structural genes

33
Q

what is the purpose of attenuation?

A

additional layer of gene regulation
- transcription and translation begins but does not finish -> stops before any actual proteins are made

ribosome is involved

34
Q

what makes each of the amino acids unique in a protein unique?

A
  • r-group uniquely determines the identity of a particular amino acid
  • unique chemical properties affect how amino acids with interact and fold up with others
35
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
- order of nucleotides in the dna sequence

36
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

polypeptide chain folds and coils by forming h bonds b/w amino acids of different sections
- random coils join ⍺-helicies and β-pleated sheets

37
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

secondary structures folds due to distant sections of polypeptide chain interacting/repulsing
- 3d shape formed and maintained by side chain bonds: bonding and interactions b/w r-groups

38
Q

what is a quatenary structure in a protein?

A

2 or more polypeptide chains w tertiary structures join together

pp chains w 3rd structure that have non protein group= 4th structure

39
Q

what structure do most proteins become functional?

A

tertiary: gives protein its specific chemical properties

40
Q

what happens if there is a change to the specific shape of a protein?

A

lose precise structure= usually unable to carry out its biological function

41
Q

what is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the protein secretory pathway?

A
  • ribosomes attached to the rER allows correct folding of newly formed proteins
42
Q

what is the role of a transport vesicle in the protein secretory pathway?

A
  • contains proteins for transport
  • transports proteins to the Golgi body
  • fuses with Golgi membrane
  • releases protein into lumen

buds of rER

43
Q

what is the role of the Golgi body in the protein secretory pathway?

A
  • modifies proteins (can add or remove chemical groups or proteins)
  • packages proteins into vesicles for exocytosis
44
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

type of bulk transport
- moves large substances out of a cell

45
Q

what is the role of secretory vesicles?

A

transport proteins
- contains proteins for secretion
- pinches off Golgi body
- travels through cytoplasm
- fuses with plasma membrane
- releases proteins into extracellular space

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