Proteins and mutations

Question 1

what are proteins made up of?

Answer 1

long chains of amino acids joined together

Question 2

what are collagens?

Answer 2

proteins that are found in the walls of arteries. It makes the wall stronger

Question 3

what is insulin?

Answer 3

the hormone used to control blood glucose levels

Question 4

what is haemoglobin?

Answer 4

this is used to carry oxygen around the body

Question 5

where is insulin made?

Answer 5

in the cells in the pancreas

Question 6

what is mutation?

Answer 6

when a genes code changes

Question 7

what affect does mutation have on cells/proteins?

Answer 7

it can cause the shape of the protein to change so it no longer does its job in the cell

Question 8

where is collagen found?

Answer 8

in bones, tendons and cartilage

Question 9

what do enzymes do?

Answer 9

control many activities in the body like digestion

Question 10

what can gene mutations be caused by?

Answer 10

radiation or chemicals such as tar in cigarettes

Question 11

what does haemophilia do?

Answer 11

the blood of someone with haemophilia is unable to clot which means they are unable to stop bleeding

Question 12

why does haemophilia occur?

Answer 12

because one of the proteins that need to clot their blood cannot be made by the mutated gene

Question 13

name a mutation that can be good?

Answer 13

one that causes sickle cell amaemia can mean that they are less likely to die of malaria

Question 14

what is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 14

its own number and sequence of amino acid

Question 15

how is the primary structure of a protein determined?

Answer 15

by the sequence of bases in the gene that codes for the protein

Question 16

describe the shape of haemoglobin

Answer 16

globular

Question 17

describe the shape of collagen

Answer 17

a long fibrous shape

Question 18

can genes be switched on or off?

Answer 18

no apart from cells in your pancreas which switch on the insulin gene

Question 19

what is curd?

Answer 19

the solid part of when milk turns sour

Question 20

what happens in an active site?

Answer 20

the substrate molecules fit into the site when a reaction takes place

Question 21

what is a biological catalyst?

Answer 21

a protein that speeds up a biological reaction

Question 22

what happens in an enzyme-catalysed reaction?

Answer 22

substrate molecules are changed into product molecules

Question 23

what are enzyme controlled reaction affected by?

Answer 23

pH and temperature

Question 24

what do enzymes catalyse?

Answer 24

chemical reactions occurring in respiration, photosynthesis and protein synthesis of living cells

Question 25

what is the lock and key mechanism?

Answer 25

when the substrate molecule fits into the active site of an enzyme

Question 26

how does temperature affect enzymes?

Answer 26

at low temperatures molecules are moving more slowly and so the enzyme and substrate are less likely to collide

Question 27

how does pH affect enzymes?

Answer 27

at very high or low pH values and at high temperatures the enzyme active site changes shape. This is called denaturing. The substrate cannot fir, so cannot react so quickly