Proteins

Question 1

Proteins

Answer 1

-monomers are called amino acids
-amino acids are joined by peptide bonds
polymer- large molecules consisting of large numbers of repeating units connected by covalent bonds
monomer- a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer
amino acid= monomer
peptide= polymer

Question 2

Function

Answer 2

• catalysis
• muscle contraction
• transport of nutrients ad gases- proteins help with transport
• cytoskeleton- gives animal cells shape
• tensile strengthening- needed in skin, tendons, ligaments
• blood clotting- plasma proteins
• hormones- chemical messengers
• receptors- binding sites for hormones
• cell adhesion- causes cells to stick to each other
• immunity- antibodies for immune systems
• membrane transport - selective permeable

Question 3

…

Answer 3

• proteins vary in structure and function
• each type has a unique 3 dimensional shape
• amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Question 4

General Structure

Answer 4

R group
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group

Question 5

different amino acids have different R groups. Their different properties depend on their R groups. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic R groups

Answer 5

human can synthesis some amino acids by altering other amino acids, however…
some amino acids cannot by synthesized and are therefore needed in the diet.

Question 6

Formation of dipeptide produces a molecules of water, therefore… this is a condensation reaction

Answer 6

2 amino acids = dipeptide + water

Question 7

formation of dipeptide

Answer 7

carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with amino group of second amino acid

Question 8

Hydrolysis Reaction

Answer 8

splitting a dipeptide to form two amino acids consumes one molecule of water

Question 9

Tripeptide: three amino acids linked together
Oligopeptdie: a short chain of a few amino acids
Polypeptide: a chain of many amino acids

Answer 9

a protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains

Question 10

Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides

Answer 10

…..

Question 11

Proteins and Polypeptides

Answer 11

• some proteins are single polypeptides but others are composed of 2 or more polypeptides linked together
• integrin, collagen, hemoglobin

Question 12

Lysozyme

Answer 12

enzyme in secretion such as nasal mucus and tears; it kills some bacteria by digesting the peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Question 13

Integrin

Answer 13

membrane protein used to make connections between structures inside and outside in cells

Question 14

Collagen

Answer 14

structural protein in tendons, ligaments, skin and blood vessel walls; it provides high tensile strength, with limited stretching

Question 15

Hemoglobin

Answer 15

transport protein in red blood cells; it binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues with a reduced oxygen concentration

Question 16

Protein Conformation

Answer 16

• a protein function depends upon its specific conformation

- protein conformation is made of different levels of structure

Question 17

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 17

Primary- amino acid sequence (polypeptide)
Secondary- coiling of folding of proteins due to H bonding between amino and carbonyl groups of adjacent amino acids, alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets
Tertiary- H bonding between R groups of different amino acids. Disulfide linkages form
Quaternary- linking of 2 or more polypeptides to form a single protein, insulin and hemoglobin

Question 18

Fibrous vs. Globular

Answer 18

Fibrous
-elongated
-strong
-insoluble in water
-collagen, keratin
Globular
-spherical
-weak
-soluble in water
-hemoglobin, enzyme

Question 19

Denaturation

Answer 19

• a process that alters a proteins conformation
• excessive heat
• chemical agents that disrupts hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges

Question 20

…

Answer 20

the correlation between form and function in proteins is an emergent property

Question 21

Proteomes

Answer 21

all of the proteins produced by a cell, a tissue, or an organism