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Clinical Chemistry 1 > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkaline (behave as anions) and acidic
(behave as cation)

A

Amphoteric

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2
Q

the pH at which an amino acid or
protein has no net charge

A

Isoelectric Point

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3
Q

Take Note for Isoelectric Point!

A

pH > than pI then overall charge is negative

pH < than pI then overall charge is positive

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4
Q

Caused by exposure to extreme temperature

A

Physical denaturation

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5
Q

Caused by exposure to highly acidic or highly
alkaline environment

A

Chemical denaturation

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6
Q

Pregnant women, growing children, and adults recovering from major illness (↑
intake > ↓ metabolite production) – during
buildup

A

Positive Metabolism

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7
Q

Excessive tissue destruction, such as burns, wasting diseases, continual high fevers, or starvation (↑ metabolite production
> ↓ intake)

A

Negative Metabolism

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8
Q

Biological catalyst; Markers of organ damage – leaks when organ damage is severe

A

Enzymes

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9
Q

Chemical messengers / signaling molecules; Control cells/organs/organ system

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Facilitate movement of ions, trace metals,
lipids and etc.

A

Transport Proteins

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11
Q

Prevents cell lysis by facilitating the entry and
exit of water in the cells

A

Osmotic Force

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12
Q

Marker of malnutrition (decreased uptake) and cystic fibrosis (increased excretion); Negative acute phase reactant; General transport protein

A

Albumin

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13
Q

AKA transthyretin – transporter of thyroid
hormones (T3 and T4); Elevated in alcoholism, chronic renal failure, steroid treatment

A

Prealbumin

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14
Q

Neutralizes neutrophil elastase (excess can
damage lungs); 90% of the α1-globulin fraction; Emphysema and cirrhosis; Elevated during inflammation, pregnancy, contraceptive

A

Antitrypsin

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15
Q

Protect fetus from immune system of mother; Decreased in Down’s Syndrome and Edward’s
Syndrome; Hepatocellular carcinoma – tumor marker; Lens culinaris agglutinin - can be used for affinity chromatography

A

α-Fetoprotein

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16
Q

Binds progesterone and cardioactive drugs; Cancer, inflammation, RA and AMI; RID and nephelometry

A

Acid glucoprotein / orosomucoid

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17
Q

Integral in formation of amyloid
deposits in the brain; Increased level in serum of patients with Alzheimer’s diseases and chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD); Inactivates prostate specific antigen

A

Antichymotrypsin

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18
Q

A light chain and one or two heavy chains; Elevations in ITIs are often seen in
inflammatory disorders; Carcinogenesis

A

Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitor

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19
Q

Major carrier protein for vitamin D, fatty acids
and endotoxins; Cochemotactic factor in facilitating chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes

A

Gc-Globulin/Vitamin D-binding protein

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20
Q

Binds free hemoglobin; Prevents removal of reusable components (iron and globin) in urine

A

Haptoglobin

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21
Q

Transports copper; Decreased in Wilson’s and Menke’s disease

A

Ceruloplasmin

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22
Q

Decreased copper since stored
coppers are excreted in urine and
deposited in tissues. Wilson’s or Menke’s?

A

Wilson’s

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23
Q

Impaired intestinal absorption
causing decreased copper levels; Kinky-hair disease. Wilson’s or Menke’s?

A

Menke’s

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24
Q

Copper deposited in cornea

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings

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25
Q

Entrapment of proteases; Largest globulin next to immunoglobulins

A

Macroglobulin

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26
Q

Bind and transport heme until it is converted
to bilirubin

A

Hemopexin

27
Q

Light chain component of Human Leukocyte
Antigen (HLA) – marker

A

Microglobulin

28
Q

Transporter of iron

A

Transferrin/Siderophilin

29
Q

Major marker of non-specific inflammation; C substance/polypeptide

A

CRP

30
Q

Recurrent antibody / marker of immunity; Can cross the placenta

A

IgG

31
Q

First antibody to be produced in the
initial infection (largest antibody – pentameric
structure)

A

IgM

32
Q

Present in secretions (dimeric)

A

IgA

33
Q

Produced in allergic reactions/parasitic
infections

A

IgE

34
Q

Not normally found in serum / attached
to B-lymphocytes (regulate B-cell function)

A

IgD

35
Q

Take Note for Protein!

A

Turbidity due to lipemia can affect the
spectrophotometric analysis

Recumbent position: relaxed position (slight decrease)

Age – inversely proportional

36
Q

Protein MOA: Nitrogen in the presence of oxygen is heated to high temperature; Ozone is added to form nitrogen dioxide; As nitrogen dioxide undergo decay, it emits a _

A

Chemiluminiscence

37
Q

Albumin dye that is prone to interferences
(alpha-1, alpha-2 and beta-globulins)

A

Methyl orange

38
Q

Albumin dye that has false elevation in antibiotics (penicillin, sulfonamide, conjugated bilirubin, aspirin)

A

2,4’-hydroxyaxobenzene-benzoic acid
(HABA)

39
Q

Albumin dye that is prone to interference of hemoglobin, alpha-1 globulins (late-reacting)

A

Bromcresol green

40
Q

Albumin dye that is prone to interference of presence of bilirubin in sample (high)

A

Bromcresol purple

41
Q

Take Note for BCG/BCP

A

BCG/BCP prone to renal disease and
kidney failure (BCG – overestimation, BCP –
underestimation)

42
Q

Globulin dye produces what color in the presence of Cu2+ and an acid medium?

A

Purple complex

43
Q

Reference method for total protein determination

A

Kjeldahl

44
Q

Kjeldahl Precipitation is done with?

A

Tungstic acid / trichloroacetic acid

45
Q

Kjeldahl Digestion is done with?

A

Heat and sulfuric acid

46
Q

Kjeldahl Boiling: What temperature and what can be used as catalyst?

A

340-360 degrees Celsius
Potassium sulfate

47
Q

Kjeldahl Nitrogen Conversion

A

Addition of ammonium bisulfate then
distill with boric acid → ammonium borate

48
Q

Reagent – ammonium mercuric iodide; End color – yellow complex

A

Nesslerization

49
Q

Reagent – sodium nitroprusside, alkaline hypochlorite; End color – indophenol blue

A

Berthelot

50
Q

Formation of copper complex with peptide
bonds (blue reagent – violet/purple complex end product)

A

Biuret

51
Q

Prevents reduction of copper (maintaining of charge) – reduced copper is color red (prevents precipitation of copper into brick red precipitate)

A

Sodium potassium tartrate

52
Q

Color developer for Biuret

A

NaOH

53
Q

Prevents oxidation of copper (antioxidant) in Biuret

A

KI

54
Q

Salt Fractionation – adding salts to remove globulins (example of salts)

A

Sodium sulfate

55
Q

Stains used in Protein Electrophoresis

A

Bromophenol blue
Ponceau S
Amido black
Lissamine green
Coomassie brilliant blue

56
Q

Total Protein is normal or decreased
Albumin is decreased
Globulin is increased

A

Hepatic Damage (Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, Obs Jaundice)
Burns, Trauma
Infection

57
Q

Total protein is decreased
Albumin is decreased
Globulin is normal

A

Malabsorption
Inadequate Diet
Nephrotic Syndrome

58
Q

Total Protein is decreased
Albumin is normal
Globulin is decreased

A

Immunodeficiency syndrome

59
Q

Total protein is decreased
Albumin is decreased
Globulin is decreased

A

Salt retention syndrome

60
Q

Total protein is decreased
Albumin is decreased
Globulin is increased

A

Dehydration

61
Q

Total protein is increased
Albumin is normal
Globulin is increased

A

Multiple myeloma
Monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies

62
Q

Increased alpha-2 and beta-globulins
(increased lipoproteins)

A

Obstructive Jaundice

63
Q

Increased in gamma fraction; Hepatocellular damage

A

Infectious hepatitis

64
Q

Conversion Factor of Protein

A

10

Clinical Chemistry 1 (5 decks)

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