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Clinical Chemistry 1 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Conversion Factor of glucose

A

0.0555

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2
Q

Excess glucose is stored in the _ in the form of _

A

Liver
Glycogen

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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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4
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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5
Q

Combination of Maltose

A

2 Glucose

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6
Q

Combination of Lactose

A

Glucose
Galactose

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7
Q

Combination of Sucrose

A

Glucose
Sucrose

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8
Q

The only non-reducing sugar

A

Fructose

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9
Q

Breakdown of glucose into lactate and pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

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10
Q

Production of glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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11
Q

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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12
Q

Production of glucose products from non-carbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

Production of fat from excess glucose

A

Lipogenesis

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14
Q

Breakdown of triglycerides to produce ketone bodies

A

Lipolysis

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15
Q

How many ATPs can NADH produce?

A

3 ATP

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16
Q

How many ATPs can FADH2 produce?

A

2 ATP

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17
Q

How many ATPs are produced in bacterial ATP production?

A

38 ATP

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18
Q

A hypoglycemic agent that promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis; released in the beta cells of pancreas

A

Insulin

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19
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; produced by the alpha cells of pancreas

A

Glucagon

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20
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis; inhibits insulin production; produced in the adrenal medulla; known for adrenaline rush

A

Epinephrine

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21
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis; release is stimulated by ACTH; produced by adrenal cortex (pituitary gland)

A

Cortisol

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22
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone; command center; produced by the delta cells of the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

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23
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that stimulates glycolysis; produced by the anterior pituitary gland; prevents glucose entry

A

Growth Hormone

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24
Q

A hyperglycemic agent that stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; produced by the thyroid gland; increased intestinal absorption of glucose

A

Thyroxine

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25
Q

Fasting period for glucose determination

A

8-10 hours

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26
Q

Tubes used for glucose determination

A

Non-additive
Fluoride
Iodoacetate (anti-glycolytic)

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27
Q

Glucose load for adult

A

75g

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28
Q

Glucose load for pregnant

A

100g

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29
Q

Glucose load should be consumed within _

A

15 minutes

30
Q

How many days of high carbohydrate diet for tolerance testing?

A

3-day

31
Q

Normal Glucose Tolerance range

A

</= 70-140mg/dL (</= 7.8 mmol/L)

32
Q

Impaired Glucose Tolerance Range

A

</= 140-199mg/dL (7.8-11.1 mmol/L)

33
Q

Provision Diabetes Diagnosis Range

A

> /= 200mg/dL (>/=11.1 mmol/L)

34
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose to gluconic acid

A

Glucose oxidase

35
Q

Reduced chromogen is converted to oxidized chromogen by?

A

Peroxidase

36
Q

Oxidized chromogen is - in color

A

Reddish-purple

37
Q

Glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate via?

A

Hexokinase

38
Q

G-6-PO4 is converted to NADPH and 6-phosphogluconate via?

A

G-6-PD

39
Q

How many months of value can HbA1c can cover?

A

2-3 months

40
Q

Normal range of HbA1c

A

4-6%

41
Q

Machine or method of analysis based on charge differences between glycosylated and non-glycosylated hemoglobin

A

Cation-exchange chromatography
Isoelectric Focusing
Electrophoresis

42
Q

Machine or method of analysis based on structural characteristics of glycogroups on hemoglobin

A

Affinity chromatography
Immunoassay

43
Q

An increase in plasma glucose levels

A

Hyperglycemia

44
Q

A group of metabolic diseases
characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both

A

Diabetes Mellitus

45
Q

Hallmarks for Diabetes Mellitus

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

46
Q

Insulin-dependent; Cannot produce insulin at all; child onset

A

Type 1 DM

47
Q

Non-insulin dependent; Can produce insulin but due to high sugar level, sugar become resistant to effects of insulin; adult onset

A

Type 2 DM

48
Q

Reaction to body becoming slightly acidic due
to ketoacidosis by kidney (blood pH)

A

Kussmaul-Kien respiration (hyperventilation)

49
Q

Neurotransmitter for pancreatic function

A

Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies

50
Q

Enzymes that facilitates production of β-cell (insulin)

A

Tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 and IA-2B
autoantibodies

51
Q

In Type II DM, glucose and plasma osmolality can elevate up to

A

1000 mg/dL
320 mOsm/dL

52
Q

Markers for Nephropathy or Chronic Kidney
Disease (kidney function)

A

Elevated BUN and Creatinine

53
Q

Low blood glucose concentration
Typical hypoglycemia symptoms after fasting
and/or intense exercise
Symptoms alleviated by glucose
administration

A

Whipple’s Triad

54
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glucose-6-phosphatase

A

Ia / Von Gierke

55
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Amylo-1,4-glucosidase / Acid maltase

A

II / Pompei

56
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Amylo-1,6-glucosidase / Debrancher enzyme

A

III / Cori-Forbes

57
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Amylopectinase / Glycogen branching enzyme

A

IV / Andersen

58
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Muscle phosphorylase

A

V / McArdle

59
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Liver glycogen phosphorylase

A

VI / Hers

60
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Phosphofructokinase

A

VII / Tauri

61
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycogen transporter 2

A

XI / Fanconi-Bickel

62
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycogen synthetase

A

0

63
Q

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

A

Galactosemia (NBS)

64
Q

Cuprous ions + phosphomolybdate that produces blue complex

A

Folin-Wu

65
Q

Cuprous ions + arsenomolybdat that produces blue complex

A

Nelson-Somogyi

66
Q

Cuprous ions + neocuproine that produces yellow complex

A

Neocuproine

67
Q

Folin-Wu reagent + citrate

A

Benedict’s

68
Q

Folin-Wu reagent + tartrate

A

Fehling’s

69
Q

Yellow ferricyanide; Known as reverse colorimetry

A

Hagedorn-Jensen

70
Q

Aromatic amines + glucose → glycosamine + green Schiff’s base

A

Ortho-toluidine / Dubowski

Clinical Chemistry 1 (5 decks)

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