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CC LEC > PROTEINS > Flashcards

PROTEINS Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant protein found in blood
plasma and is found in significant amounts in other
body fluids. It serves as a crucial regulator of osmotic
pressure and maintains the balance of fluids between
blood vessels and tissues.

A

Albumin

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2
Q

9–12 g/day
○ Negative APR
○ Amino acid reservoir

A

Albumin

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3
Q

If body needs amino acids, it will
catabolize albumin

A

TRUE

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4
Q

If body needs amino acids, it will
catabolize albumin

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Utilized to assess average glucose
levels.

A

Fructosamine

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6
Q

glucose attached to any protein,

A

Fructosamine

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7
Q

is glucose attached to albumin

A

Glycated albumin

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8
Q

there is more
fructosamine compared to
glycated albumin.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

if there are
hemoglobinopathies

A

Fructosamine and glycated

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10
Q

But if there is
malnutrition, meaning there is low
proteins,

A

HbA1C

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11
Q

glycoprotein produced by the liver that plays
a vital role in protecting the lungs from damage
caused by enzymes released by inflammatory cells

A

a1-antitrypsin

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12
Q

glycoprotein produced by the liver that plays
a vital role in protecting the lungs from damage
caused by enzymes released by inflammatory cells

A

a1-antitrypsin

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13
Q

has a molecular weight of approximately 52 kDa.

A

a1-antitrypsin

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14
Q

Inhibits elastase
○ SERPINA1 gene
○ Positive APR

90% of ⍺1 fraction

A

a1-antitrypsin

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15
Q

is synthesized in utero by the developing
embryo and then by the fetal liver and the
gastrointestinal tract Concentrations decrease
gradually after birth, reaching adult concentrations at

around 8-12 months of age

A

AFP

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16
Q

Only present in fetus.
● Used to assess the condition of the fetus while it is still
inside of the mother

A

AFP

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17
Q

Only present in fetus.
● Used to assess the condition of the fetus while it is still
inside of the mother

A

a1- fetoprotein

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18
Q

Positive APR
○ Neural tube defects
■ High AFP leads to neural tube
defects
○ Trisomy 18 and 21
■ If AFP is low in maternal serum, it
means there is a risk for trisomy 18
and 21
○ Tumor Marker

A

AFP

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19
Q

If detected during adulthood, it is
now a tumor marker

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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20
Q

If man is positive in a pregnancy
test, that man has cancer

A

TRUE AFP

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21
Q

glycoprotein is characterized by its acidic
properties and glycosylation.

A

a1- acid glycoprotein

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22
Q

plays a crucial role in the immune system, as it acts
as an acute-phase protein and contributes to
modulating the immune response during inflammation and infection.

A

a1-acid glycoprotein

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23
Q

Orosomucoid
○ Positive APR
○ Sphingomyelin metabolism
○ Capillary barrier function
○ Transport protein

A

a1-acid glycoprotein

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24
Q

Normally, proteins in acidic
environment is positively charged.
In the case of a1-acid glycoprotein,
in an acidic environment, the
charge of this protein remains to be
_____

A

negative

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25
Q

Member of serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family
● Targets cathepsin G, pancreatic elastase, mast cell
chase, chymotrypsin
● Elevated during inflammation
○ Positive APR

A

a1-antichymotrypsin

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26
Q

Decrease due to hereditary conditions like asthma

A

a1-antichymotrypsin

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27
Q

Liver disease
● Mutated in patients with Parkinson’s disease, COPD, and Alzheimer’s disease

A

a1-antichymotrypsin

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28
Q

Serine protease inhibitor family
● Between a1 and a2

Composed of H1, H2 and L (bikunin)
● Inhibits trypsin, plasmin, chymotrypsin
● Elevated in inflammation

A

Inter-a-trypsin inhibitor

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29
Q

Vitamin D-Binding protein

A

GC-GLOBULIN

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30
Q

Also transports fatty acids and endotoxin
○ Elavatd: pregnancy (3rd trimester), patients
taking oral estrogen
○ Decreased: liver disease, CHON losing
sydnromes

A

GC-GLOBULIN

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31
Q

This is an a2-glycoprotein synthesized in the liver as a tetramer consisting of two alpha and two beta
subunits

A

haptoglobin

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32
Q

This is an acute phase reactant that increases in many
inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis, acute
rheumatic disease, acute myocardial infarction, and
severe infection

A

haptoglobin

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33
Q

Binds free hemoglobin
○ Positive APR
○ Evaluation of hemolytic anemia
○ Intra vs. extravascular hemolysis

A

haptoglobin

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34
Q

Marked decrease in intravascular
hemolysis

A

haptoglobin

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35
Q

Marked decrease in intravascular
hemolysis

A

haptoglobin

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36
Q

a2-glycoprotein synthesized in the liver

A

ceruloplasmin

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37
Q

As a ______ acute phase reactant, it is frequently
elevated in inflammation, severe infection, and tissue
damage and may be increased with some cancers

A

positive; ceruloplasmin

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38
Q

an enzyme
○ Transports copper
○ Positive APR

A

ceruloplasmin

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39
Q

increased copper concentrations
increased copper excretion

A

wilsons disease; ceruloplasmin

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40
Q

kinky hair disease
■ decrease in ceruloplasmin

A

menkes syndrome

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41
Q

causes deposition of copper in
cornea

A

kayser fleischer rings

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42
Q

major component of the a2-globulin fraction.

A

a2-macroglobulin

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43
Q

is a tetramer of four(4)
identical subunits synthesized in the liver

A

a2-macroglobulin

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44
Q

Protease inhibitor
○ Cytokine and growth factor regulator
○ Chaperone of misfolded proteins
○ Nephrotic syndrome

A

a2-macroglobulin

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45
Q

Increase in a2 macroglobulin
■ Causes difficulty in excreting
certain proteins because this
protein is big

A

nephrotic syndrome

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46
Q

glycoprotein found in the blood plasma
that plays a crucial role in iron transport throughout
the body.

A

transferrin

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47
Q

major component of the beta-globulin
fraction

A

transferrin

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48
Q

Transports iron
○ NEGATIVE APR
○ Liver and kidney diseases
○ Iron deficiency anemia

A

transferrin

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49
Q

lack transferrin

A

atransferrinemia

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50
Q

increased iron
depositions

A

hemosiderosis

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51
Q

excessive iron
accumulation in body tissue

A

hemochromatosis

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52
Q

is an acute phase B-globulin.

A

HEMOPEXIN

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53
Q

binds to free heme, a component of hemoglobin
released during the breakdown of red blood cells.

A

hemopexin

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54
Q

Binds heme
○ Transports protein
○ Preserves Fe and AA
○ Positive APR

A

hemopexin

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55
Q

complexes of proteins and lipids whose
function is to transport cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids in the bloodstream

A

lipoproteins

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56
Q

does not move, stays in negative
(-) only in serum electrophoresis

A

chylomicrons

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57
Q

in the pre-beta region

A

VLDL

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58
Q

in the beta region

A

LDL

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59
Q

in the alpha region
■ fastest moving

A

HDL

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60
Q

HDL>VLDL>LDL>Chylomicrons

A

TRUE

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61
Q

Conjugated protein consisting of lipids + proteins

A

lipoproteins

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62
Q

small protein found on the surface of
nucleated cells in the body.

A

b2-microglobulin

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63
Q

It is a component of major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) class I molecules and is essential for immune
recognition and antigen presentation.

A

b2-microglobulin

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64
Q

MHC/HLA
■ MHC: major histocompatibility
complex
■ HLA: human leukocyte antigen

Nucleated cells
■ This protein is found on the surface
of our nucleated cells

○ Glomeruli and PCT
○ Lymphocyte turnover

A

b2-microglobulin

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65
Q

Systemic lupus
erythematosus

A

b2-microglobulin

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66
Q

is a natural defense
mechanism against infections

A

complement system

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67
Q

proteins are synthesized in the liver as single
polypeptide chains and circulate in the blood as
non-functional precursors.

A

complement system

68
Q

Non-specific immunity
○ Complement C3, C4
○ Classical pathway
○ Membrane attack complex
○ involved in iron specific immunity

A

complement system

69
Q

soluble plasma protein produced by
the liver and is essential for blood clot formation.

A

fibrinogen

70
Q

largest plasma proteins. In terms of its
molecular composition, fibrinogen is basically a
_____

A

fibrinogen; glycoprotein

71
Q

In serum electrophoresis, we don’t see fibrinogen
because it is consumed in ______ samples

A

serum

72
Q

Clotting process
○ Fibrin formation
○ Positive APR
○ Beta and Gamma region

A

fibrinogen

73
Q

gets its name from its ability
to react C-polysaccharide of the pneumococcus
bacteria.

A

CRP

74
Q

Positive APR
○ General indicator of inflammation

A

CRP

75
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

CRP

76
Q

Good marker for heart diseases

A

CRP

77
Q

These proteins are also known as antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

78
Q

Conjugated protein
● Basically, these are glycoproteins with a 14-18%
carbohydrate composition.

A

immunoglobulins

79
Q

proteins are synthesized primarily by
B-lymphocytes, that confer humoral immunity

A

immunoglobulins

80
Q

biggest, pentamer

A

IgM

81
Q

for allergy and parasitic
infections

A

IgE

82
Q

Seen in the gamma region

A

immunoglobulins

83
Q

Most abundant class of
antibody
● Capable of crossing the
placenta

A

IgG

84
Q

Primary Ab found in
mucous secretions

A

IgA

85
Q

First to appear in Antigenic
stimulation
● Pentameric Ab

A

IgM

86
Q

represents a complex of
regulatory proteins

A

cardiac troponin

87
Q

troponin C(TnC)
troponin I (cTn1)
troponin T (cTnT),

that are specific to cardiac
muscles.

A

cardiac troponin

88
Q

GOLD STANDARD for the detection of
Myocardial infarction

A

cardiac troponin

89
Q

Acute coronary syndrome

A

cardiac troponin

90
Q

to detect
possible myocardial infarction and
acute coronary syndrome

A

PE AND ECG

91
Q

Myocardial infarction(MI)

A

cardiac troponin

92
Q

structurally related hormones

A

natriuretic peptides

93
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide A-type(ANP),
B-type(BNP),
C-type(CNP)
dendroaspis natriuretic peptide(DNP)

A

natriuretic peptides

94
Q

Left ventricular myocardium

A

natriuretic peptides

95
Q

B-type NP
○ Left ventricular myocardium
○ Natriuresis
○ CHF and ACS

A

natriuretic peptides

96
Q

composed of two nearly
identical subunits. Although ____ is the product of a single gene, the resulting protein can exist in multiple forms due to

A

fibronectin; alternate splicing of a single pre-mRNA

97
Q

Preterm labor and delivery

A

fibronectin

98
Q

Cellular interaction
○ Placental adherence to uterus
○ Fetal fibronectin

A

fibronectin

99
Q

Proteolytic fragment of
collagen I
● Marker of bone resorption

A

Cross-Linked
C-Telopeptides

100
Q

Syn: Prostaglandin D
synthase
● Marker for CSF leakage

A

beta trace protein

101
Q

Marker for kidney function
(GFR)

A

cystatin c

102
Q

Able to replace
creatinine as a
marker for kidney
function

A

cystatin c

103
Q

Fibrous protein aggregates
formed from the alteration
ofꞵ pleated sheaths
● ↑ Amyloidoses

A

amyloid

104
Q

Which of the following proteins is considered to be the gold standard for the detection of acute coronary syndrome?

A

cardiac troponin

105
Q

Which of the following proteins is considered to be the gold standard for the detection of acute coronary syndrome?

A

cardiac troponin

106
Q

All of the following are negative acute phase reactants,
except:
a. Prealbumin
b. Albumin
c. Hemopexin
d. Transferrin

A

HEMOPEXIN - positive

107
Q

Record or chart produced from electrophoresis

A

electropherogram

108
Q

Inadequate diet

Nephrotic syndrome
↑α2,β-globulins;
↓γ-globulins

A

decrease TP, albumin
N globulin

109
Q

Immunodeficiency
syndrome

A

decreased TP, globulin
N albumin

110
Q

Cirrhosis β-γ bridging
(no separation of beta and gamma)
The peaks of beta and gamma combine.
● Hepatitis ↑ γ-globulins

A

decreased TP, albumin
increased globulin

111
Q

increased ALL
TP
ALBUMIN
GLOBULIN

A

hyperproteinemia - dehydration

112
Q

High gamma
Tall spike pattern

A

multiple myeloma monoclonal

113
Q

Sarcoid stepping pattern

A

Polyclonal gammopathies

114
Q

increased TP, globulin

A

multiple myeloma
polyclonal gammopathies

115
Q

Measurement of Proteins is under the
Function of the liver.

A

SYNTHETIC

116
Q

Total Protein determination
albumin
globulin
prothrombin time

A

hepatic synthetic function

117
Q

kjedahl
refractometry
biuret
dye binding

A

TOTAL PROTEIN

118
Q

salt precipitation
dye binding
electrophoresis (coomassie blue)

A

albumin and globulin

119
Q

may falsely elevate serum levels

A

hemolysis

120
Q

Reference method. Assume average nitrogen
content of 16%(1 gm N = 6.54 gm protein)

A

kjeldahl

121
Q

Measurement of refractive index due to solutes in
serum

A

refractometry

122
Q

Formation of violet-colored chelate between Cu2+
ions and peptide bonds

A

biuret

123
Q

Protein binds to dye and causes a spectral shift in
the absorbance maximum

A

dye binding

124
Q

Dipotassium mercuric
iodide

A

nessler’s reagent

125
Q

Sodium Nitroprusside
Phenol hypochlorite

A

berthelot reaction

126
Q

Measurement of refractive index (velocity of light in air and water) due to solutes in serum

A

refractometry

127
Q

Can measure proteins as well.
● Cannot be used in clinical chemistry laboratories
● Not Accurate. It only gives an estimate

A

refractometry

128
Q

Formation of violet-colored chelate between Cu2+
ions and peptide bonds(540 nm)

A

biuret

129
Q

Rochelle’s Salt Composition

A

biuret

130
Q

breaks the peptide bonds

A

cupric ions

131
Q

keeps copper in solution

A

tartrate salt

132
Q

stabilizes cupric ions

A

potassium iodide

133
Q

Phosphomolybdic acid or phenol reagent
● Oxidation of phenolic gives a deep blue color

A

folin-ciocalteu

134
Q

Mostly utilized for assessing Urine Proteins for
CM(Clinical Microscopy)

A

folin-ciocalteu

135
Q

tryptophan, tyrosine and
phenylalanine

A

280nm
ultraviolet absorption method

136
Q

peptide bonds

A

210nm

137
Q

Sulfosalicylic acid or trichloroacetic acid
● Formation of uniform fine precipitate which scatter light

A

turbidimetric/nephelometric

138
Q

Confirmatory for Protein in Urine

A

turbidimetric/nepehlometric

139
Q

Sodium sulfate
○ Globulins precipitates

A

salt fractionation

140
Q

water, conc salt solution

A

albumin

141
Q

weak salt solution, hydrocarbons

A

globulin

142
Q

salt precipitation
dye binding
methyl orange
HABA

A

albumin

143
Q

Globulins are precipitated
Albumin in supernatant is quantitated by biuret
reaction

A

salt precipitation

144
Q

Nonspecific for Albumin

A

methyl orange

145
Q

Many Interferences (salicylates, bilirubin)

A

HABA

146
Q

Sensitive, Most commonly used dye

A

BCG

147
Q

Specific, Sensitive and Precise

A

BCP

148
Q

Most abundant protein in plasma (approximately half
of total protein)

A

albumin

149
Q

Synthesized in liver
○ t1/2 = 15-19 days
● Principal functions
○ Maintaining fluid balance
○ Transport Protein Concentration is inversely
proportional to the severity of liver disease.

A

albumin

150
Q

Severe dehydration

Prolonged tourniquet application

A

hyperalbuminemia

151
Q

Reduced synthesis
○ Chronic liver disease
○ Malabsorption syndrome
○ Malnutrition and muscle wasting

A

hypoalbuminemia

152
Q

Increased Loss
○ Nephrotic syndrome
○ Burns
○ Protein-losing enteropathy
○ Orthostatic albuminuria

A

hypo

153
Q

Increased Catabolism
○ Malignancy
○ Thyrotoxicosis

A

hypoalbuminemia

154
Q

no albumin

A

Analbuminemia

155
Q

Two peaks
○ Bigla bigla nalang lumalabas sa patient. One
case in a patient with sarcoidosis.

A

bisalbuminemia
abnormal albumin

156
Q

Decreased albumin
○ Increased α2-macroglobulin
○ Decreased gamma globulins

A

nephrotic syndrome

157
Q

Decreased albumin (synthesis)
○ Increased gamma globulins (polyclonal
gammopathy)
○ beta-gamma bridge

A

hepatic cirrhosis

158
Q

Albumin decreased
○ Sharp peak in gamma region
○ tall spike pattern
■ Seen in patients with multiple
myeloma

A

monoclonal gammopathy

159
Q

Characteristic protein in
patients with multiple
myeloma

A

bence jones protein

160
Q

Which of the following electrophoretic patterns is
consistent with hepatic cirrhosis?

A

beta gamma bridging

161
Q

abnormal protein in the urine of patients with
Multiple Myeloma
● Demonstrated by heat and acetic acid method
○ Precipitates when solution is heated at 40°C
– 60°C
○ Soluble when heated at 100°C

Re-precipitates when the solution cools at
40°C – 60°C

A

bence jones proteins

162
Q

Only protein that can change with its solubility and
precipitation

A

bence jones

163
Q

Only protein that can change with its solubility and
precipitation

A

bence jones

164
Q

Found only in urine and not in serum
● Mucoprotein produced in renal tubules
● Component of urinary casts

A

tamm horsfall

165
Q

If a male patient has TNTC RBCs, it can be
pathologic or has strenuous exercise

A

TEUE

166
Q

40 mg/day

A

tamm horsfall

CC LEC (3 decks)

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