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CC LEC > LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS > Flashcards

LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS Flashcards

1
Q

Essential in energy metabolism of the body

Clinically important in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease

A

LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS

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2
Q

Included in: Cardiac Profile Test

A

TC
TG
HDL C
LDL C

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3
Q

marker for cardiac
diseases

A

CKMB

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4
Q

3 normal isoenzymes:

A

MB MM BB

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5
Q

Troponin has 3 forms:

A

troponin I,C,T

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6
Q

SGOT OR AST

A

serum glutamic oxaloaacetic transaminase
aspartate aminotransaminase

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7
Q

commonly known as fats

Rich source of energy and efficient way to store
excess calories: C-H bond

A

lipids

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8
Q

Rich source of energy since they are the
most efficient way to store excess calories
because of the presence of carbon-
hydrogen bonds

A

lipids

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9
Q

Integral part of cell membranes and has important
structural roles: physical properties

Precursor for steroid hormones, prostaglandins,
leukotrienes, and lipoxins
○ steroid hormones (estrogen and
testosterone)

Transported in the form of LIPOPROTEINS

A

LIPIDS

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10
Q

lipids are _____ in water

A

INSOLUBLE

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11
Q

LIPIDS are ______ in organic solvents
■ such as chloroform and ether
■ NON POLAR in nature because
they are soluble in non-polar
solvents

A

SOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

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12
Q

LIPIDS are Transported by proteins in the blood as

A

LIPOPROTEINS

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13
Q

● Energy storage
● Hormone receptors
● Cell membrane structure
● Fuel
● Aid in digestion
● Act as insulator to allow nerve conduction

A

LIPIDS

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14
Q

a. Neutral Fats - Triglycerides
b. Waxes

A

SIMPLE LIPIDS

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15
Q

a. phospholipids
b. glycolipids
c. sulfolipids
d. lipoproteins

A

CONJUGATED

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16
Q

a. fatty acids
b. glycerol
c. cholesterol
d. VIT A,E,K

A

derived lipids

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17
Q

Lipid profile includes which of the following?
a.Total cholesterol, total protein, HDL, LDL
b. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, CRP
c. Total cholesterol, total protein, HDL, LDL
d. Total protein, triglyceride, HDL, LDL

A

C

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18
Q

what are the major lipids?

A

FPTC

FATTY ACIDS - derived
PHOSPHOLIPIDS- conjugated
TRIGLYCERIDES- simple
CHOLESTEROL - derived

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19
Q

Linear chains of C-H bonds that terminate with a
carboxyl group(-COOH)

A

FATTY ACIDS

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20
Q

RCOOH(R is an ____chain)

A

alkyl chain

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21
Q

side chain: 4-6C

A

SHORT 4-6

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22
Q

side chain: 8-12C

A

MEDIUM 8-12

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23
Q

side chain: more than 12C

A

long

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24
Q

no double bond

A

saturated

example: palmitic

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25
Q

one double bond

A

monoUNSATURATED
oleic acid

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26
Q

> 2 double bonds

A

polyunsaturated

linoleic
linolenic

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27
Q

Both H+ atoms on the same side of the C=C bonds

A

CIS

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28
Q

This arrangement causes a “bend” on the molecular
structure of UFA

A

CIS

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29
Q

Advantages of the “bends” in UFA
○ Increases the space that UFAs require when
packed in a lipid layer
○ Makes UFAs more fluid

A

CIS

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30
Q

With both H+ atoms on opposite sides of the C=C
double bond

A

TRANS

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31
Q

Because of the orientation of the double bonds, _____ UFAs do not bend

A

TRANS

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32
Q

If UFAs do not bend:

A

They act like saturated FA

Their physical properties behave like SFA

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33
Q

● Not commonly found in nature
● Mostly found in our diet

A

TRANS FA

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34
Q

Major dietary trans FA:

A

ELAIDIC ACID (18 carbon with one double bond)

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35
Q

Source: _______ treatment used in
food processing

A

Chemical hydrogenation

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36
Q

Increases the viscosity of oils
■ Causes “hardening” of fat
■ Converts polyunsaturated plant oils
into solid margarine – producing
“trans double bonds”

A

chemical hydrogenation

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37
Q

Consumption of trans FAs increase the risk of
coronary heart disease(CHD)

A

TRUE

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38
Q

HIGH LDL

LOW HDL

A

TRUE

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39
Q

Precursor of eicosanoids

A

POLYUNSATURATED FA

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40
Q

first double bond is on the third
position

A

OMEGA 3

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41
Q

first double bond is on the sixth
position

A

OMEGA 6

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42
Q

first double bond is on the ninth
position

A

OMEGA 9

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43
Q

Consumption of cis Fas increases the risk of coronary heart disease?

A

FALSE ; TRANS DAPAT

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44
Q

● Most abundant lipid in man
● Originates in the liver and intestine

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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45
Q

Contain two FAs and a phospholipid head group
(amphipathic)

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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46
Q

fatty acid part of phospholipids is ____ and found in the middle of

A

HYDROPHOBIC

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47
Q

head of phospholipids is ______ and ; facing
outwards toward the aqueous
environment

A

HYDROPHILIC

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48
Q

Synthesized in the cytosolic compartment of all
organs of the body, especially in the liver.

A

phospholipid

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49
Q

Main component of lipid bilayer
Lung surfactant

A

phospholipid

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50
Q
  1. Choline / phosphatidyl choline
  2. Inositol
  3. Inositol phosphates
  4. Glycerol
  5. Serine
  6. Ethanolamine
A

types of phospholipid head groups

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51
Q

major phospholipids

A
  1. lecithin - 70%
  2. sphinhomyelin - 20%
  3. cephalin - 10%
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52
Q

most common phospholipid

head group:

A

lecithin

choline

53
Q

derived from an amino alcohol called
sphingosine

Essential component of cell membranes
(RBC and nerve sheath)

headgroup:____

A

sphingomyelin

phosphocholine or sphingosine

54
Q

ethanolamine / amino acid SERINE attached
to ethanolamine as a headgroup

A

cephalin

ethanolamine

55
Q

Most phospholipids are derived from

A

glycerol

56
Q

Only ________ is derived from amine alcohol

A

sphingomyelin

57
Q

most abundant phospholipids in the body

A

phosphatidylcholine

phosphatidylethanolaminw

58
Q

First practical chemical test to assess fetal pulmonary status

A

lecithin/sphingomyelin (l/s ratio)

59
Q

Concentrations of sphingomyelin remain constant
throughout the pregnancy, and levels of lecithin are
increasing.

A

TRUE

60
Q

L/S ratios greater than 2.0 usually indicate

A

MATURITY = GREATER

61
Q

L/S ratios less than 1.5 indicate

A

IMMATURITY LESS THAN

62
Q

serves as a reference analyte during
3rd trimester of pregnancy because its concentration
is constant as opposed to lecithin.

A

sphingomyelin

63
Q

Q3. L/S ratio of 1.2 means

A

delay in lung maturation

64
Q

Contain three FA attached to one molecule of glycerol
○ Looks like phospholipid but has 3 fatty acids
instead of 2

Consumed and synthesized by the liver

A

triglycerides

65
Q

Main source of energy

Storage form of lipids in the humans

A

Triglycerides

66
Q

Broken down by lipase, cortisol, and epinephrine
● Associated with acute pancreatitis

A

triglycerides

67
Q

No bends in their
structure;

A

SFA

68
Q

pack together tightly “solid” at RT

A

SFA

69
Q

With bends;

A

CIS UFAs

70
Q

oils at RT; “liquified”

A

cis UFAs

71
Q

_____sources are “solids” at RT

A

animal sfa

72
Q

_____ sources are rich in poly-UFA; are “oils/liquids” at
RT

A

PLANT cis UFAs

73
Q

Unsaturated steroid alcohol containing 4 rings and a
single C-H side chain

A

cholesterol

74
Q

4 rings of cholesterol (A,B,C,D)

A

perhydro cyclopentano phenanthrene

cyclopentano perhydro phenanthrene

75
Q

Nucleus: tetracyclic

27 carbon atoms

Amphipathic

A

cholesterol

76
Q

The only hydrophilic part of cholesterol is the
hydroxyl part of the _____

A

A RING HYDROPHILIC

77
Q

Cholesterol is mostly

A

HYDROPHOBIC

78
Q

● Precursor of hormones (steroids)
○ Precursor for estrogen and testosterone
● Source of bile acids
○ Bile acids act as detergent, helping fat
absorption in the intestines
● Converted to Vitamin D3
○ Small portion of cholesterol is converted in
the skin by irradiation from the sunlight

A

CHOLESTEROL

79
Q

evaluates the risk for
atherosclerosis, myocardial and coronary arterial
occlusions

A

serum cholesterol

80
Q

The incidence of heart disease is strongly associated with serum cholesterol concentration

A

TRUE

81
Q

are important for coronary heart disease and
for assessing lung maturation.

A

lipids

82
Q

exogenous source

A

diet

83
Q

endogenous source

A

liver

84
Q

Normal healthy adults synthesize – approximately

A

1 g/day

85
Q

Consume approximately

A

0.3g/day

86
Q

is maintained in serum by controlling
the level of de novo synthesis (endogenous
production)

A

150-200 mg/day

87
Q

two forms of cholesterol

A

cholesteryl ester - 70%
free cholesterol -30%

88
Q

Also called esterified cholesterol
○ Once cholesterol is esterified, it becomes
completely or purely hydrophobic, unlike free
cholesterol

A

CHOLESTEROL ESTER HYDROPHOBIC

89
Q

○ Free cholesterol is _______ . It still has
OH attached to A ring, making it the
hydrophilic portion

A

amphipathic

90
Q

Inactive form of cholesterol with protective “property” and stored in cells

Absence of polar groups

Hydroxyl group is conjugated by an ester bond to a
fatty acid, same way as in TAG

A

cholesterol ester

91
Q

Location: Central of intracellular lipid droplets or
hydrophobic core of lipoproteins

A

cholesterol ester

92
Q

With polar groups (the hydroxyl group attached to the A ring)
● Active form of cholesterol with cytotoxic property

A

free cholesterol

93
Q

Location: surface of lipid layers

A

free cholesterol

94
Q

The process of esterification is a

A

detoxification step

95
Q

To reduce the accumulation of cholesterol
through the action of the acyltransferase
enzymes

A

LCAT AND ACAT

lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase

acylcholesterol acyltransferase

96
Q

Esterified cholesterol is purely hydrophobic. This
statement is:
a. True
b. False

A

TRUE

97
Q

is a derivative of cholesterol in which
an ester bond is formed between
the carboxylate group of a fatty
acid and the hydroxyl group of
cholesterol

A

cholesteryl ester

98
Q

Cholesterol absorption happens in the

A

Site: jejunum to terminal ileum (in small intestine

99
Q

Absorption by active process using
enterocyte protein ________

inhibited by ezetimibe

A

NPC1L1

100
Q

If you have elevated cholesterol,
and the source of elevation is
exogenous, doctor prescribes

A

ezetimibe

101
Q

most important
factor affecting micelle formation

A

bile acids (amphipatic)

102
Q

are derived from lipids, and main
purpose is to act as a detergent, to
enhance fat absorption

A

bile acids

103
Q

Absorption of plant sterols and other sterols is limited ______ transporters on enterocytes: pumps
excess sterols back to the lumen for excretion

A

ABCG5/G8

104
Q

marked increase in plasma
and tissue concentrations of plant sterols
(high risk for CHD)

A

sitosterolemia

105
Q

After absorption, ______ are assembled
(exogenous pathway)

is one of the major
lipoproteins

A

chylomicrons

106
Q

needed in the formation and
secretion of chylomicrons

A

APO B-48

107
Q

excess lipid
in enterocytes and fat malabsorption

A

chylomicron retention disorder

108
Q

Lymphatics → Thoracic duct → Systemic
venous circulation

A

True

109
Q

Endogenous synthesis of cholesterol will

A

acetate

acetyl-coA

110
Q

End-product of stage 1 is

A

3-hydroxy-3-methylgutaryl-coA

111
Q

rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis

A

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coA REDUCTASE

HMG-coA

112
Q

second site for
cholesterol synthesis regulation

A

geranyl transferase enzyme

113
Q

End-product in stage 2

A

SQUALENE

114
Q

End-product of stage 3 is

A

cholesterol found in ER

115
Q

Binds to VLDL (endogenous pathway)

A

APO B 100

116
Q

Inhibits the final step in endogenous
synthesis of cholesterol
○ It inhibits Desmosterol to cholesterol

A

TRIPARANOL

117
Q

The problem is this drug does not
inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
■ What happens is there is an
accumulation of desmosterol, and
this is the side effect of the drug.

A

triparanol

118
Q

Accumulation of
______leads to
cataracts, alopecia, and
accelerates
atherosclerosis

A

desmosterol

119
Q

This process is important in enhancing the
lipid carrying capacity of lipoproteins both in
the plasma and intracellularly

A

cholesterol esterification

120
Q

what enzyme in plasma

A

LCAT

lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase

121
Q

what enzyme in cell

A

ACAT

acylcholesterol acyltransferase but requires

THIO ENZYME A (coASH)

122
Q

cholesterol catabolism starts with enzyme

A

LAL

lysosomal acid lipase

123
Q

absence of the LAL
causing accumulation of CE and TG

A

wolmans disease

124
Q

Which of the following is needed in esterifying
cholesterol in plasma?

A

lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase

125
Q

Which is the best enzyme to target in decreasing
cholesterol produced endogenously?

A

HMG-coa reductase

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coA

126
Q

Ezetimibe is the drug of choice to lower exogenous
cholesterol absorption. This targets which of the following:

A

NPC1L1

127
Q

Cholesterol biosynthesis starts from
a. The diet
b. Acetate
c. Squalene
d. Steroids

A

b. acetate

128
Q

formation of mixed micelles

A

UEC = unesterified cholesterol
FA
PL = phospholipids
monoglycerides
conjugated bile acids

129
Q

for chemical absorption: transportation to

A

luminal cell surface

CC LEC (3 decks)

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