proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an amino acid?

A

a monomer which makes up proteins

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2
Q

what does the shape/function of a protein depend on?

A

sequence, type and number of amino acids

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3
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20
- 12 non-essential
- 8 essential

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4
Q

describe the structure of an amino acid

A
  • central carbon
  • NH2 amine group on left
  • COOH carboxylic acid group on right
  • H on bottom
  • R group on top
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5
Q

how are proteins joined?

A

by peptide bonds

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6
Q

describe how a peptide bond forms

A
  • hydroxyl from carboxyl and hydrogen on amine bond and release molecule of water
  • remaining carbon and nitrogen of adjacent amino acid bond forming peptide bond
  • condensation reaction
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7
Q

describe the primary structure of a protein

A
  • sequence of amino acids
  • peptide bonds
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8
Q

describe the secondary structure of a protein

A
  • initial folding of polypeptide chain
  • alpha helix
  • beta pleated
  • hydrogen bonding
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9
Q

describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A
  • further coiling of secondary structure
  • 3D
  • ionic, disulphide, hydrophilic/hydrophobic, hydrogen
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10
Q

describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A
  • 2+ polypeptide chains
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11
Q

breakdown of peptides

A
  • proteases
  • hydrolysis reaction
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12
Q

what are the two types of proteins?

A

globular
fibrous

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13
Q

globular protein

A
  • roughly spherical
  • irregular amino acid sequence
  • soluble in water
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14
Q

fibrous protein

A
  • long strands
  • repetitive amino acid sequence
  • insoluble in water
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15
Q

insulin

A
  • globular
  • regulation of blood glucose concentration
  • specific shape
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16
Q

haemoglobin

A
  • globular
  • four polypeptides
  • 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits
  • conjugated
  • iron haem group
17
Q

enzymes

A
  • globular
  • catalyses chemical reactions
18
Q

conjugated protein

A
  • globular
  • contain non-protein prosthetic group
19
Q

keratin

A
  • fibrous
  • support and protection for hair, skin, nails
  • insoluble
20
Q

elastin

A
  • fibrous
  • found in elastic fibres
  • present in vessel walls and alveoli
21
Q

collagen

A
  • fibrous
  • has flexibility
  • connective tissue found in skin, tendons, ligaments