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BIOCHEMISTRY LEC > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

The breakdown of molecule into smaller units

A

catabolic

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2
Q

Monomers of proteins

A

amino acid

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3
Q

Cells in the liver

A

Hepatocytes

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4
Q

Sub-cellular level processes

A

mitochondria
ribosome

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5
Q

Metabolic fuels

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

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6
Q

Proteins -> Amino acids ->

A

Carbohydrates or Lipids (vice versa)

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7
Q

Proteins are __________ occurring

A

Naturally

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8
Q

Protein is a/n ________ polymer

A

Unbranched

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9
Q

The organelle where protein synthesis occurs

A

Ribosomes

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10
Q

Aids in the attachment of amino acids to make polypeptide chain

A

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

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11
Q

Has the instruction to synthesize unbranched proteins

A

Genes

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12
Q

Proteins are the _________organic molecules

A

Most abundant

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13
Q

Proteins constitute _________ of the cellular dry
weight

A

50%

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14
Q

The word protein comes from

A

Greek word “proteios”

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15
Q

Meaning of proteios

A

holding the first place/ primary

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16
Q

suggested the name proteins to the group of organic compounds that are utmost important to life

A

Berzelius (Swedish chemist) 1838

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17
Q

used the term proteins for the high molecular weight nitrogen-rich and most abundant substances present in animals and plants

A

Mulder (Dutch chemist) 1838

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18
Q

Elemental Composition Carbon:

A

50 – 55%

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19
Q

Elemental Composition Hydrogen:

A

6 – 7.3%

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20
Q

Elemental Composition Oxygen:

A

19 – 24%

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21
Q

Elemental Composition Sulfur:

A

0 – 4%

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22
Q

Protein may contain

A

P,
Fe,
Cu,
I,
Mg,
Mn,
Zn

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23
Q

Contains the iron in hemoglobin

A

Heme

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24
Q

Polypeptide chain in hemoglobin

A

globin

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25
Q

catalyzed by enzymes, which contain protein

A

Biochemical reactions

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26
Q
  • made of the protein group collagens (most abundant in human body)
A

Structure of cells and the extracellular matrix

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27
Q

Time taken by biological reactions to occur without enzymes

A

2.3 billion years

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28
Q

Biological Importance of Proteins

A
  1. Biochemical reactions
  2. Structure of cells and the extracellular matrix
  3. Transport of materials in body fluids
  4. Antibodies
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29
Q

(most abundant protein in human body)

A

collagens

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30
Q

Collegen molecules shape

A

Triple helices

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31
Q

Collagen Synthesis

A
  1. Translation
  2. Hydroxylation
  3. Glycosylation
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32
Q

Taking insufficient amounts of vitamin C may cause

A

weak collagen fibers (Scurvy)

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33
Q

Defective lysyl hydroxylase gene

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

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34
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

A

Weak vessel walls (prone to aneurysm)
Hyperflexible joints
Hyperextensible skin

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35
Q

Transport of materials in body fluids Examples:

A

transferrin
transmembrane proteins
transcription factors

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36
Q

receptor for hormones

A

transmembrane proteins

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37
Q

initiate the transcription of a gene

A

transcription factors

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38
Q

major component of the immune system

A

Antibodies

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39
Q

Ability to bind ___________ specifically & strongly to ___________

A

small molecules; themselves

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40
Q

ASA can strongly bind to

A

Albumin

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41
Q

Drug-bound protein

A

Not active

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42
Q

Free drug

A

Active

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43
Q

Ability to bind _________ & form _________ structures

A

other proteins; fiber-like

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44
Q

Examples of bind other proteins

A

Collagen
Albumin

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45
Q

Ability to bind & be integrated into _________

A

cell membranes

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46
Q

Classification by Protein Functions

A
  1. Catalytic Proteins:
  2. Regulatory Proteins:
  3. Transport Proteins
  4. Defense Proteins:
  5. Structural Proteins
  6. Storage proteins
  7. Transmembrane proteins
  8. Nutrient Proteins
  9. Contractile and Motile Proteins
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47
Q

Enzymes released to the _______ in tissue damage

A

blood

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48
Q

Enzymes are important _________ tool

A

diagnostic

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49
Q

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) former name

A

serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)

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50
Q

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) former name

A

serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT)

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51
Q

increase in cirrhosis and fatty liver, heart failure

A

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

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52
Q

More specific to liver disease

A

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

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53
Q

More sensitive in tests for cirrhosis and fatty liver, heart
failure

A

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

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54
Q

increases after myocardial infarction

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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55
Q

sensitive to partial or mild biliary obstruction, liver
carcinoma or bone disease

A

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

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56
Q

other name for biliary obstruction

A

tissue damage

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57
Q

Chemical messengers that control the actions of specific cells or organs

A

Hormones

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58
Q

Affect growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, reproduction, and behavior

A

Hormones

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59
Q

Transmit signals to coordinate biochemical processes between different cells, tissues & organs

A

Hormones

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60
Q

Tested in the clinical laboratory in
blood, urine, or saliva

A

Hormones

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61
Q

stimulates sperm production and follicle maturation

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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62
Q

produced by the placenta after implantation detected in pregnancy test

A

human growth hormone (HGH)

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63
Q

stimulates glycogen metabolism in liver

A

Glucagon

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64
Q

stimulates lactation

A

Prolactin

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65
Q

Hormones activate

A

G protein

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66
Q

G protein triggersthis from ATP

A

cAMP

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67
Q

cAMP transmits

A

CREB

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68
Q

Other name for plasma membrane

A

biologic membrane

69
Q

Transport Proteins examples

A

ions,
small molecules, or
macromolecules

70
Q

transports oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

71
Q

Active site of hemoglobin

A

Heme

72
Q

most abundant protein in human blood plasma

A

Albumin

73
Q

Albumin function

A

transporting fatty acids, and other compounds,
acting as a buffer, and
maintaining osmotic pressure

74
Q

transports iron through the
blood plasma

A

Transferrin

75
Q

Defense Proteins:

A

Immunoglobulins/Antibodies
Blood-clotting proteins, thrombin and fibrinogen

76
Q

Defense Proteins Produced by ________ in the bone marrow

A

B cells (lymphocytes)

77
Q

Mediate the humoral immune response to identify and neutralize foreign objects

A

Defense Proteins

78
Q

humoral means

A

blood

79
Q

majority of the antibodies responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins

A

IgG

80
Q

first antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered;

responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood types

A

IgM

81
Q

COVID-19 Rapid Antibody Test (RAT): detects the presence
of

A

IgM and IgG

82
Q

released in response to allergy

A

IgE:

83
Q

found in the surface of B cells where it can bind to antigens in the extracellular fluid and signals the B cells to be activated

A

IgD

84
Q

found primarily in glandular secretions and attach antigens before they gain access to internal organs

A

IgA

85
Q

glandular secretions

A

colostrum,
mucus,
tears,
saliva and
semen

86
Q

Blood-clotting proteins:

A

thrombin

87
Q

Fibrinogen →

A

fibrin → formation of a fibrin clot

88
Q

-Primary purpose of coagulation

A

hemostasis
(to stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel)

89
Q

structures of cells and tissues (muscle, tendons, and bone matrix)

A

Fibrous proteins

90
Q

Provide strength and protection to cells and tissues

A

Fibrous proteins

91
Q

insoluble fibrous proteins in hair, horns, and fingernails

A

Keratins

92
Q

insoluble fibrous protein in bone, connective tissue, tendons, and cartilage,

A

Collagen:

93
Q

Collagen is _______ of the total protein in a vertebrate
animal

A

One-third

94
Q

forms inelastic fibrils of great strength

A

Collagen

95
Q

component of ligaments

A

Elastin

96
Q

allows tissues to resume shape after stretching or contracting
helps skin to return to its original position

A

Elastin

97
Q

Serve as reserves of metal ions and amino acids
Released and used later without harm occurring to cells during the time of storage

A

Storage proteins

98
Q

stores iron to be later used in the manufacture of hemoglobin

A

Ferritin

99
Q

Ferritin diagnostic tool for

A

iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)

100
Q

Elastin is found in what layer of the skin

A

Dermis

101
Q

Responsible for moving substances such as nutrients and electrolytes across the membrane

Act as receptors that bind hormones and neurotransmitters

A

Transmembrane proteins

102
Q

How many ferric ions can ferritin store

A

4500

103
Q

Two general types of membrane proteins:

A

Integral membrane protein
Peripheral membrane protein

104
Q

penetrates the cell membrane

partially or completely from one side to the other side of the lipid bilayer

A

Integral membrane protein

105
Q
  • non-penetrating membrane protein
  • located on the surface
A

Peripheral membrane protein

106
Q

Provide a reservoir of an essential nutrient

Provide sufficient nitrogen for growth

A

Nutrient Proteins

107
Q

most abundant (3/4) protein of milk
major nitrogen source for mammalian infants

A

Casein

108
Q

Other component of milk other than casein

A

Whey

109
Q

found in egg white particularly important in the early stages of
life from embryo

A

Ovalbumin:

110
Q

Ovalbumin: accounts over

A

50%

111
Q

Casein has how many amino acid

A

209

112
Q

Provide cells with unique capabilities for movement:

A

Contractile and Motile Proteins

113
Q

movement

A

Cell division,
muscle contraction, and
cell motility

114
Q

filamentous proteins forming the contractile systems of cells

A

Actin and Myosin

115
Q

Globular protein

Major component of microtubules

Enables a cell to undergo mitosis or to regulate intracellular transport:

A

Tubulin

116
Q

Tubulin Move

A

vesicles,
granules,
organelles (mitochondria, and chromosomes)

117
Q
  • Composed of only amino acid residues
  • Globular or fibrous in shape
A

Simple Proteins

118
Q

amino acid residue means

A

no ions or molecules attached

119
Q
  • Spherical or oval in shape
  • Soluble in water or other solvents and digestible
A

Globular

120
Q

Produces amino acid residue

A

Condesation

121
Q

Globular Function

A

transporters,
enzymes, and
messengers

122
Q

Globular Examples

A

albumin,
hemoglobin, and
the immunoglobulins

123
Q

Soluble in water and dilute salt solutions and coagulated
by heat.

A

Albumins:

124
Q

Albumins: examples

A

e.g. serum albumin, ovalbumin (egg), lactalbumin (milk).

125
Q

Soluble in neutral and dilute salt solutions

A

Globulins:

126
Q

Globulins: examples

A

e.g. serum globulins, vitelline (egg yolk).

127
Q

Soluble in dilute acids and alkalies and mostly found in plants

A

Glutelins:

128
Q

Glutelins: examples

A

e.g. glutelin (wheat), oryzenin (rice).

129
Q

Soluble in 70% alcohol

A

Prolamines:

130
Q

Prolamines: examples

A

e.g. gliadin (wheat), zein (corn)

131
Q

Small proteins for structural support for chromosome
-Strongly basic proteins, soluble in water

A

Histones:

132
Q

Histones: Contains _______ → forms a _______ with DNA

A

arginine and lysine; complex

133
Q

complex of DNA and proteins

A

Chromatin:

134
Q

organization of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin is essential for controlling

A

transcription and packaging

135
Q

-Generally considered along with histones
-Not basic proteins

A

Globins

136
Q

-Strongly basic
-Resemble histones but smaller in size
-Found in association with nucleic acids e.g. sperm proteins

A

Protamines:

137
Q

-Carbohydrate-binding proteins
-Involved in the interaction between cells and proteins
-Maintain tissue and organ structures

A

Lectins

138
Q

the word lectin comes from

A

(Latin-‘Legree’ = to pick or select).

139
Q

_________ in cell surfaces act as a lectins
receptor

A

Glycoconjugates

140
Q

Form long protein filaments or subunits
Asymmetrical and usually inert

A

Fibrous

141
Q

Fibrous Generally

A

water insoluble (hydrophobic R groups)

142
Q

Fibrous are mainly

A

structural (connective tissues, tendons, bone, and muscle)

143
Q
  • connective tissue proteins lacking tryptophan
A

Collagens:

144
Q

Collagens: boiled →

A

gelatin (soluble and digestible)

145
Q
  • found in elastic tissues such as tendons and arteries
A

Elastins:

146
Q

present in exoskeletal structures

A

Keratins:

147
Q

*Human hair keratin:

A

14% cysteine

148
Q

predominant group of fibrous proteins.

A

Albuminoids or scleroproteins:

149
Q

Contain a non- protein moiety known as prosthetic group

A

Conjugated Proteins

150
Q

Nitrogen containing molecukes

A

porphyrins,

151
Q

Prosthetic group: nucleic acid

A

Nucleoproteins

152
Q

Nucleoproteins: examples

A

nucleohistones, nucleoprotamines

153
Q

-Prosthetic group: carbohydrate
-Less than 4% of protein

A

Glycoproteins:

154
Q

*mucoprotein: examples

A

mucin (saliva), ovomucoid (egg white).

155
Q

carbohydrate content is more than 4%.

A

mucoprotein

156
Q

-Prosthetic group: lipids

A

Lipoproteins:

157
Q

Lipoproteins: examples

A

serum lipoproteins

158
Q

-Prosthetic group: Phosphoric acid

A

Phosphoproteins:

159
Q

Phosphoproteins: examples

A

casein (milk), vitelline (egg yolk).

160
Q

-Prosthetic group: coloured in nature

A

Chromoproteins:

161
Q

Chromoproteins: examples

A

hemoglobins, cytochromes

162
Q

-Contain metal ions such as Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Mg:

A

Metalloproteins:

163
Q

Metalloproteins: example

A

ceruloplasmin (Cu), carbonic anhydrase (Zn)

164
Q

One peptide chain

A

Monomeric protein

165
Q

Monomeric protein example

A

ribonuclease,
lysozyme,
hexokinase

166
Q

Large proteins – many amino acid residues

A

Multimeric protein

167
Q

▪Peptide chains are called

A

protein subunits

168
Q

Insulin has ____ protein subunits

A

2

169
Q

How many amino acids in lysozyme

A

129

BIOCHEMISTRY LEC (6 decks)

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