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Honors BIo > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A Site

A

The first site in a ribosome, to which a tRNA molecule can first bind/enter the ribosome.

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2
Q

Anticodon

A

The series of three nitrogen bases found on a tRNA molecule, complementary to the matching codon on mRNA.

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3
Q

Base Substitution

A

A type of mutation in which one nitrogen base is mistaken for another.

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4
Q

Chaperone Protein

A

A protein that assists in protein folding by helping the polypeptide fold up.

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5
Q

Codon

A

A series of three successive nitrogen bases that codes for one amino acid.

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6
Q

Elongation

A

In Transcription: the second stage, in which RNA polymerase travels down DNA and brings in complementary mRNA nucleotides to match each DNA nucleotide. In Translation: the second stage, in which tRNA molecules enter the ribosome until a stop codon is reached on mRNA, to lengthen the polypeptide formed.

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7
Q

E Site

A

The third and final site of a ribosome, from which a tRNA molecule exits and leaves, leaving behind its amino acid to the polypeptide formed.

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8
Q

Exon

A

A coding region of mRNA’s primary transcript.

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9
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

A type of mutation in which there is an insertion or deletion of a nitrogen base in a genetic information sequence going from DNA to mRNA. Shifts the entire reading frame, changing the polypeptide formed.

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10
Q

Guanine Cap

A

The series of guanine bases added to the front of mRNA during RNA Processing to protect it from enzyme damage in the cytoplasm and aid in attachment to a ribosome.

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11
Q

Initiation

A

In Transcription: the first stage, in which RNA polymerase binds to the promoter on DNA with the aid of transcription factors. In Translation: the first stage, in which the ribosome travels along mRNA until it finds the start codon, AUG, and binds to the mRNA to begin elongation.

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12
Q

Intron

A

A non-coding region of mRNA’s primary transcript.

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13
Q

Mature mRNA

A

The final transcript version of mRNA that is ready for translation; has undergone RNA Processing/splicing.

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14
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA, the RNA that is created as a copy of the genetic information in DNA during transcription during protein synthesis.

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15
Q

Mutagens

A

Chemical agents that can cause mutations.

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16
Q

Mutations

A

Mistakes or unintentional changes to genetic information sequences.

17
Q

P Site

A

The second (middle) site of a ribosome, into which a tRNA molecule shifts from the A site.

18
Q

Poly-A Tail

A

A long series of adenine bases that is added to the end of mRNA during RNA Processing to protect it from enzyme damage in the cytoplasm and regulate how long it stays in the cytoplasm making proteins.

19
Q

Primary Transcript

A

The “rough draft” of mRNA that is created in transcription.

20
Q

Promoter Site

A

An area along DNA to which RNA polymerase binds during transcription.

21
Q

Reading Frame

A

The proper way of reading a strand of mRNA.

22
Q

Release Factor

A

A molecule that enters the ribosome during termination of translation to end the polypeptide formed.

23
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

The enzyme that is used to create mRNA during transcription.

24
Q

Splicing

A

RNA Processing; the process during which the primary transcript of mRNA is edited to make it ready for translation.

25
Q

Start Codon (AUG)

A

The codon in mRNA that signals when translation should begin.

26
Q

Stop Codon (UAA, UGA, UAG)

A

One of three codons in mRNA that signals when translation should end.

27
Q

Signal Sequence

A

A series of amino acids that indicates to a ribosome to attach to the rough ER to allow a protein to be exported out of the cell.

28
Q

Terminator

A

An area on the DNA that signals when RNA Polymerase should stop carrying out transcription.

29
Q

Termination Sequence

A

The sequence of nitrogen bases that indicates when transcription should end.

30
Q

Transcription

A

The first stage of protein synthesis, during which mRNA is created in the nucleus as a copy of the genetic information stored in DNA.

31
Q

Transcription (Initiation) Factors

A

Chemicals that aid in the attachment of RNA polymerase to DNA during the initiation phase of transcription.

32
Q

Translation

A

The second and final stage of protein synthesis, during which the mRNA created during transcription is used to synthesize a protein in the cytoplasm, using a ribosome.

33
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA; RNA that brings amino acids to translation to create the polypeptide needed.

34
Q

tRNA Charging

A

The process of adding an amino acid onto a tRNA molecule to “recharge” it, or allow it to bring amino acids to translation again.

Honors BIo (7 decks)

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