Protein synthesis

Question 1

Central Dogma of Biology

Answer 1

DNA to RNA to Protein

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

First step in protein synthesis; DNA polymerase does transcription; happens in the nucleus; from DNA to RNA

Question 3

Translation

Answer 3

Second step of protein synthesis; changing the language of DNA and RNA (nucleotides) to protein language (amino acids); happens in the cytoplasm in the ribosomes; long chains of amino acids are built

Question 4

Codon

Answer 4

A 3-letter “word” (nucleotides) in mRNA; each codon represents one amino acid

Question 5

AUG

Answer 5

Methionine codon, serves as the initiation, or “start” for codon protein synthesis

Question 6

Anticodon

Answer 6

Opposite of the codon; works with tRNA to make sure that the correct amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain

Question 7

Steps in translation

Answer 7

Peptide chain holds together amino acids, polypeptide chain continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a “stop” codon on the mRNA and folds into a protein

Question 8

Ribosome

Answer 8

Attach to mRNA and reads one codon at a time

Question 9

What transcription requires

Answer 9

An enzyme; RNA polymerase

Question 10

Messenger RNA

Answer 10

Leaves the nucleus; tells ribosome to make protein

Question 11

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 11

Found in ribosomes; reads message from DNA

Question 12

Transfer RNA

Answer 12

Puts amino acids in the correct order to build protein chain

Question 13

Promotor

Answer 13

Segment of DNA that tells DNA polymerase where to start; where RNA polymerase begins transcription

Question 14

Introns

Answer 14

Portions that are cut out and discarded during RNA transcription

Question 15

Exons

Answer 15

Pieces that remain during RNA transcription; are then spliced back together to form the final mRNA

Question 16

Mutations

Answer 16

Heritable changes in genetic information

Question 17

Gene mutations

Answer 17

Type of mutation; produces change in a single gene; ex: changing one nucleotide in a DNA strand

Question 18

Chromosomal mutations

Answer 18

Produces changes in whole chromosome; ex: pieces of chromosome is tears off; changing the information

Question 19

Point mutations

Answer 19

Another name for gene mutations

Question 20

Substitution

Answer 20

Type of gene mutation; substitutes 1 base pair for another

Question 21

Insertion/Deletion

Answer 21

Type of gene mutation; Inserting an extra nucleotide, deleting a nucleotide

Question 22

Frameshift mutation

Answer 22

Shifting a whole frame for a strand of DNA ; caused by insertion/deletion

Question 23

Deletion chromosomal mutation

Answer 23

Type of chromosomal mutation; involves deleting a part of a chromosome

Question 24

Duplication

Answer 24

Chromosomal mutation; duplicating a part of a chromosome

Question 25

Inversion

Answer 25

Chromosomal mutation; Rearranging a part of a chromosome

Question 26

Translocation

Answer 26

Chromosomal mutation; adding parts from a whole other chromosome to another

Question 27

Mutagens

Answer 27

Chemical or physical agents in the environment; cause some mutations; ex: radiation, chemicals, infectious agents