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Biology > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acid and Bases

A

There are 20 amino acids, and only 4 bases. Since the bases are read in groups of 3, this gives 4^3 or 64 combinations which is more than enough to code for 20 amino acids

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2
Q

Role of tRNA

A

Carries amino acids to the large subunit of the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA nucleotides to be assembled into proteins

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3
Q

Transcription and Translation in Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes

A

DNA is found in the cytoplasm
DNA is found in the nucleus separated from the cytoplasm

Both transcription and translation take place in the cytoplasm
Transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm

Transcription and translation are continuous
Transcription and translation are discontinuous

No modifications occur
Post transcriptional modifications occur

Genes do not have introns
Genes have non-coding regions called introns which are removed to produce mature mRNA

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4
Q

Translation

A

The synthesis of polypeptides with a specific amino acid sequence that is determined by their base sequence on the mRNA molecule

Occurs in cytoplasm and requires tRNA, mRNA and ribosomes

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5
Q

Consequences of Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Insoluble hemoglobin can’t effectively carry oxygen, so less respiration

Hemoglobin tends to crystalize which causes them to be less flexible and get stuck in capillaries to restrict blood flow

Sickle cells get destroyed more rapidly than normal RBC”s

Susceptible to infections

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6
Q

Proteasomes

A

An enzyme that breaks down cells that no longer function or aren’t needed

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7
Q

Transcription VS Translation

A

DNA gets transcribed
RNA gets translated

Takes place in nucleus
Takes place in cytoplasm (ribosome)

mRNA is produced
Polypeptide is produced

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8
Q

Role of Ribosomes

A

Use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acid into polypeptide chains

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9
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia Altered RBC

A

DNA sense strand is GTG
DNA template strand is CAC
mRNA is GUG
Valine which is hydrophobic and makes hemoglobin less soluble
Sickle Shaped

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10
Q

A, P, and E Sites

A

A Site: Aminoacyl site, where the new tRNA carrying an amino acid binds which adds amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain

P Site: Peptidyl site, which holds the tRNA during peptide bond formation

E Site: Exist site, where tRNA that lost their amino acid leaves the ribosome

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11
Q

Genetic Code

A

A set of rules by which information encoded in mRNA sequences is converted into proteins

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12
Q

Stop Codons

A

UAA

UAG

UGA

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13
Q

Activators and Repressors

A

Activators bind to Enhancers to increase transcription

Repressors bind to Silencers to decrease transcription

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14
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia Normal RBC

A

DNA sense strand is GAG
DNA template strand is CTC
mRNA is GAG
Glutamic acid which is hydrophilic which helps hemoglobin be soluble
Biconcave Disc

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15
Q

Post-transcriptional Modification

A

In eukaryotes, the mRNA has to undergo modification in order to become mature mRNA before it exits the nucleus

The non-coding introns are removed from the mRNA through RNA splicing, therefore having mature mRNA

mRNA gets addition of methyl group at the 5’ end called capping which provides protection against degradation by enzymes

mRNA gets addition of long chain of adenine bases at the 3’ end called polyadenylation which stabilizes RNA and facilitates its export outside the nucleus

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16
Q

Transcriptome

A

The full range of RNA types made in a cell, and changes based off the activity of the cell

17
Q

Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

In prokaryotes. translation occurs immediately after transcription due to the absence of a nucleus

In eukaryotes, translation occurs after the mRNA transports from the nucleus to the ribosome

18
Q

Structure of Ribosomes

A

Made of proteins and rRNA

Has large and small subunit, large subunit has three binding sites for tRNA molecules (A, P, E). Small subunit has a binding site for mRNA

19
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying DNA into mRNA in the nucleus

20
Q

Non-coding Sequences in DNA

A

Promotors and Enhancers and Silencers

Introns

Telomeres

21
Q

Process of Translation

A

Consists of 3 stages: Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

Initiation is where the mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome at the 5’ end, and slides across the mRNA to the start codon. The tRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome and binds to mRNA through complementary base pairing. Large ribosome then binds to smaller one.

Elongation is where the second tRNA pairs with the next codon at the A site. The two amino acids join by a peptide bond. This causes a shift, making the first tRNA go to the E site and exiting the ribosome, and the second tRNA to go to the P site. Another tRNA pairs with the mRNA at the A site, and the process continues and the polypeptide becomes longer until a stop codon is reached.

Termination is when a stop codon is reached, which triggers the termination of translation as no tRNA have a complementary anticodon. A protein called the release factor fills up the A site to forcefully shift the last tRNA into the E site thus releasing it, and the mRNA detaches from the small sub-unit, and the small and large sub-unit separate

22
Q

Process of Transcription

A

RNAP binds to promotor site which separates DNA into 2 strands, and exposing DNA bases for pairing

Only 1 strand will be used for replication

RNAP slides along the template strand and synthesizes the new RNA strand by complementary base pairing

A = U, C = G

RNAP then links the nucleotides together through covalent bonds, then ends transcription when it reaches terminator region of the gene

RNA breaks away from the DNA template strand, and DNA strands rejoin to form a double helix, then the RNA strand diffuses through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm

23
Q

Post-translational Modification

A

Polypeptides get modified to make them fully function. Examples of modification include

Removal of methionine from 5’ end

Changes to side chains of amino acids

Folding of polypeptide or combining two or more polypeptides

24
Q

Role of mRNA

A

Has a site that can bind to the small subunit of the ribosome with a star and stop codon to indicate where translation begins and ends

25
Q

Differences with Coding and Non-Coding RNA

A

Coding is identical to RNA
Non-coding is complementary to RNA

Coding serves as a reference for mRNA formation
Non-coding doesn’t participate in protein synthesis

Coding is 5’ to 3’
Non-coding is 3’ to 5’

26
Q

Types of Genetic Code

A

Linear: Read in one direction

Degenerate: More than one codon for an amino acid

Universal: The same base sequence always codes for the same amino acid

Punctuation: Start and Stop codons which initiate and end translation

27
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

A process during gene expression where a single gene codes for multiple proteins

Biology (19 decks)

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