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Bio > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Because genes (DNA) reside in the __ of the cell and polypeptide (protein) synthesis occurs in the __, they must have a go between. The most likely molecule to fill this role is __.

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
RNA

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2
Q

Indicate whether these statements about differences between DNA and RNA are true (T) or false (F).
____ DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded
____ DNA is a polymer; RNA is a building block of that polymer
____ DNA occurs in three forms; RNA occurs only in one form
____ The sugar in DNA is ribose, which is absent in RNA
____ Uracil, in RNA, replaces the base thymine, found in DNA

A

T
F
F
F
T

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3
Q

mRNA function

A

Carries the message of the DNA coding instructions from the nucleus out to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

rRNA function

A

Helps to make up the structure of ribosome

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5
Q

tRNA function

A

Delivers amino acids to the ribosomes during translation

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6
Q

DNA information is converted to RNA information in the process of __. RNA information is converted to a protein/polypeptide in the process of __.

A

Transcription
Translation

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7
Q

During transcription, an mRNA molecule is formed that has a sequence of bases __ to a portion of one DNA strand. The bases pair in this manner: A in DNA pairs with __ and G pairs with _ _ in the mRNA being formed.

A

Complimentary
Uracil
Cytosine

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8
Q

If the sequence of bases in DNA is 3’ CGA AGC TCT 5’, then the sequence in mRNA is __.

A

5’ GCU UCG AGA 3’

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9
Q

What is the location of transcription?

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

What is the main enzyme in transcription and what is its function?

A

RNA Polymerase; it uses free floating RNA nucleotides to build a complementary mRNA strand from a DNA template

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11
Q

mRNA is edited __ (before / after) it leaves the nucleus.

A

Before

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12
Q

Which are spliced out when primary RNA is processed/edited–exons or introns?

A

Introns

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13
Q

Why are these sections (introns/exons) removed while the others are kept?

A

Introns are noncoding segments in the gene sequence, so they are not needed in translation when the mRNA is read and a polypeptide is built. Introns are removed and exons (coding segments) are kept.

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14
Q

What does it mean to say that the genetic code is a “triplet code”?

A

DNA codes in sets of three bases called codons. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid. mRNA is read one codon at a time in the ribosome in translation.

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15
Q

What is the significance of a universal genetic code throughout the domains of life?

A

DNA is the universal genetic code because it codes the same way in all organisms. It shows that all organisms have a common origin. Related organisms share genetic characteristics, so the more DNA two species or organisms have in common, the more closely related they are to each other.

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16
Q

Can a single codon code for more than one amino acid?

A

No, each codon is specific to only one amino acid

17
Q

Features of tRNA structure include: At one end, an _ is attached to be delivered, and at the other end there is an __ complementary to a codon in mRNA.

A

Amino acid
Anticodon

18
Q

What are the three steps/stages of translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

19
Q

What is the start codon on mRNA? What amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG; codes for Methionine

20
Q

During elongation, new __ are delivered by __ based on the mRNA codons. When a new amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide a __ bond is formed.

A

Amino acids
tRNA
Peptide

21
Q

How is tRNA able to deliver the correct amino acid to the ribosome?

A

At the bottom of a tRNA molecule is an anticodon, a set of 3 bases that are complementary to an mRNA codon. tRNA will match up its anticodon with the mRNA codon to ensure that it is delivering the correct amino acid based on that particular mRNA codon. **Remember that the mRNA codon determines the amino acid, NOT the anticodon

22
Q

Elongation continues until a __ codon is reached in the mRNA.

A

Stop

23
Q

What are the three stop codons in mRNA? Do they code for particular amino acids?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA; No, they do not code for any amino acid, they simply code to end translation

24
Q

Say a mutation affects a single gene’s base sequence in DNA. How will this mutation affect the cell?

A

If the DNA base sequence is changed, then the transcribed mRNA will also be changed. If the mRNA sequence is changed, then the resulting polypeptide in translation will also be changed. So if the DNA is mutated, then the protein coded for by that gene will be different. The protein won’t have the correct amino acid sequence, which may affect its structure and function in the cell.

25
Q

Select the one characteristic that is NOT different between DNA and RNA.
Nucleotide sugar
One of the nitrogenous bases
Number of strands in the molecule
Solubility in water

A

Solubility I’m water

26
Q

Select the incorrect association.
mRNA - takes DNA message to the ribosome
mRNA - takes amino acids to the ribosome
rRNA - combines with protein in ribosomal subunits
tRNA - has an anticodon

A

Amino acids to ribosome

27
Q

Select the incorrect association.
Transcription - DNA synthesized
Transcription - RNA synthesized
Translation - occurs at the ribosome
Translation - polypeptide is made

A

DNA synthesized

28
Q

The base sequence of DNA is ATAGCATCC. The sequence of RNA transcribed from this strand is
ATAGCATCC
CCTACGATA
CCUACGAUA
UAUCGUAGG

A

U

29
Q

An mRNA base sequence is UUAGCA. The two anticodons complementary to this are
AAT CGT
AAU CGU
TTA GCA
UUA GCA

A

AAU

30
Q

A DNA base sequence is 90 bases long. How many codons are in this sequence?
270
180
90
30

A

30

31
Q

An RNA base sequence is 120 bases long. How many anticodons will pair with this mRNA strand in translation?
240
180
120
40

A

40

32
Q

Which of these is true of an anticodon but is not true of a codon?
Part of an RNA molecule
Sequence of three bases
Part of a tRNA molecule
Part of an mRNA molecule

A

tRNA

33
Q

RNA nucleotides are joined during transcription by
Helicase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Ribosomes

A

RNA polymerase

34
Q

Which of these is happening when translation takes place?
mRNA is still in the nucleus
tRNAs are bringing amino acids to the ribosomes
rRNA is exposing its anticodons
DNA is being replicated
All of these are correct

A

tRNAS

35
Q

Which of these is true concerning translation?
Each polypeptide is synthesized one amino acid at a time.
The amino acids are joined by RNA polymerase at the same time.
Each ribosome is responsible for adding a single amino acid to each polypeptide.
The same type of polypeptide often contains a different sequence of amino acids.
All of these are true.

A

1

36
Q

Which of the following is NOT correct?
mRNA is produced in the nucleus and processed in the cytoplasm.
Several ribosomes move along mRNA at a time.
DNA has a triplet code, and each triplet stands for an amino acid.
tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes, where they contribute to polypeptide formation.

A

1

37
Q

If the triplet code in DNA is TAG, what is the anticodon?
UTC
AUG
UAG
ATG

A

UAG

38
Q

The substitution of histidine for tyrosine in a polypeptide will have little effect if
The shape of the protein does not change.
The active site does not change.
Histidine and tyrosine have similar properties.
All of these are correct.

A

All

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