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Honors Biology > Protein Synthase > Flashcards

Protein Synthase Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Usually single-stranded, sugar is ribose, with 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

RNA typically exists as a single strand, differing from DNA.

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double-stranded, sugar is deoxyribose, with 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

DNA is double-stranded and contains thymine instead of uracil.

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3
Q

Where does DNA stay within a cell?

A

Nucleus

DNA is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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4
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

Carries instructions from the nucleus (DNA) to the ribosomes

mRNA plays a crucial role in the process of transcription.

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5
Q

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

Forms part of the ribosomes and bonds amino acids together through polypeptide bonds

rRNA is essential for protein synthesis.

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6
Q

What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes

tRNA is key in translating the genetic code into proteins.

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7
Q

Where is mRNA produced in prokaryotes?

A

In the cytoplasm

Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus, so transcription occurs in the cytoplasm.

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8
Q

Where is mRNA produced in eukaryotes?

A

In the nucleus and sent to the cytoplasm

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The sugar component of RNA is _______.

A

ribose

Ribose is distinct from deoxyribose found in DNA.

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10
Q

True or False: DNA contains uracil as one of its nitrogenous bases.

A

False

DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil.

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11
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What molecules are involved in translation?

A

mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, Amino Acids

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13
Q

What is the sequence of events from polypeptide to functional protein?

A

Polypeptide → functional protein

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14
Q

What defines the primary structure of a protein?

A

The amino acid sequence

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15
Q

What type of structure is formed through hydrogen bonding?

A

Secondary structure

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16
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein characterized by?

A

Secondary foldings caused by interactions within the polypeptide and its immediate environment

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17
Q

What does the quaternary structure of a protein refer to?

A

The relationship between individual subunits

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The amino acid sequence leads to a _______.

A

polypeptide

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19
Q

True or False: Translation occurs only in the nucleus.

A

False

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20
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA is the molecule that holds heredity.

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21
Q

What is the sugar component of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose is a pentose sugar found in DNA.

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22
Q

What connects sugars and phosphate in nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

This bond is crucial for forming the backbone of nucleic acids.

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23
Q

What part of a nucleotide is phosphate?

A

Part of a nucleotide

Phosphate is one of the three components that make up a nucleotide.

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24
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases found in RNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine, which is found in DNA.

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25
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine

These bases pair specifically: A with T and C with G.

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26
Q

What type of structure do purines have?

A

6-sided ring and 5-sided ring fused together

The purines in DNA are adenine (A) and guanine (G).

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27
Q

What type of structure do pyrimidines have?

A

6-sided ring only

The pyrimidines include thymine (T) and cytosine (C).

28
Q

What does 5’ refer to in DNA?

A

Topmost part of the strand

The 5’ end is where the phosphate group is attached.

29
Q

What does 3’ refer to in DNA?

A

Shortest length of the strand

The 3’ end is where the hydroxyl group is attached.

30
Q

What is the structure formed by the twisting of DNA?

A

Double Helix

This structure is essential for the stability and function of DNA.

31
Q

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

A

Bonds the nitrogenous bases together

Hydrogen bonds are crucial for the stability of the DNA double helix.

32
Q

What does ‘Antiparallel’ refer to in the context of DNA?

A

One strand is upside down opposite the other

This orientation is essential for the complementary base pairing.

33
Q

What does mRNA stand for and what is its function?

A

Message RNA; carries instructions from the nucleus (DNA) to the ribosomes

mRNA is crucial for the process of translation in protein synthesis.

34
Q

What is the role of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

Forms part of the ribosomes and bonds amino acids together with polypeptide bonds

rRNA is a key component of ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis.

35
Q

What is the function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes

tRNA is essential for translating the genetic code into proteins.

36
Q

What sugar is found in RNA?

A

Ribose

Ribose is a five-carbon sugar that distinguishes RNA from DNA.

37
Q

In RNA, which base replaces thymine?

A

Uracil

Uracil pairs with adenine during RNA synthesis.

38
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence; binds to transcription factors in the promoter region of the gene

RNA polymerase is vital for the transcription process in gene expression.

39
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

To carry protein information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm.

40
Q

What are introns?

A

Non-coding sections of RNA that are not included when DNA is transcribed into mRNA.

41
Q

What is the function of the poly-A tail?

A

It is at the end of the mRNA to allow ribosomes to read the RNA before enzymes break down the mRNA.

42
Q

What is mature mRNA?

A

Messenger mRNA that is ready to leave the ribosomes.

43
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Sites at which information carried in the genetic code is converted to amino acids/proteins.

44
Q

What does rRNA form?

A

Parts of the ribosomes.

45
Q

What is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis?

A

It bonds amino acids together to form polypeptide bonds.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ carries protein information from the DNA to the cytoplasm.

A

mRNA

47
Q

True or False: Introns are coding sections of RNA included in mRNA.

A

False

48
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ tail is essential for ribosome recognition of mRNA.

A

poly-A

49
Q

What is the process called where ribosomes convert genetic code into proteins?

A

Translation.

50
Q

What are codons?

A

When the mRNA code is read 3 at a time

Codons are sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.

51
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Monomers of proteins

Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins.

52
Q

What are the three parts of an amino acid?

A
  • Amino group (NH₂ or HaN)
  • Carboxyl group (COOH)
  • R group (unique to each amino acid)

The R group determines the specific properties of each amino acid.

53
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes

tRNA (transfer RNA) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.

54
Q

What is an anti-codon?

A

Three unpaired bases on a tRNA complementary to a codon on mRNA

The anti-codon ensures that the correct amino acid is added during translation.

55
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Biomaterial consisting of repeated amino acid units linked by peptide bonds

Polypeptides are chains of amino acids that fold into functional proteins.

56
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

An amide bond that bonds amino acids together

Peptide bonds form during a dehydration reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.

57
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The process through which the information in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically a protein.

Gene expression involves transcription and translation, leading to the manifestation of traits in an organism.

58
Q

What is the simplified sequence of how genes lead to characteristics?

A

DNA nucleotide sequence → Amino Acids → Protein → Structure in organism.

This sequence illustrates the central dogma of molecular biology.

59
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid.

RNA plays a crucial role in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

60
Q

What sugar is used in RNA in a nucleotide?

A

Ribose.

Ribose is a five-carbon sugar that is a component of RNA nucleotides.

61
Q

What is the polymer of RNA?

A

Nucleotide.

Nucleotides are the building blocks of RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

62
Q

Is RNA single or double stranded?

A

Single.

RNA typically exists as a single strand, allowing it to fold into various shapes.

63
Q

Is DNA single or double stranded?

A

Double.

DNA has a double helix structure formed by two strands of nucleotides.

64
Q

What sugar is used in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose.

Deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar that is part of the DNA nucleotide.

65
Q

What base does DNA have that RNA does not, and what is the replacement?

A

Thymine; Uracil.

In RNA, uracil replaces thymine, which is found in DNA.

66
Q

When does DNA leave the nucleus?

A

It does not.

DNA remains in the nucleus, while RNA is synthesized and transported out.

67
Q

What leaves the nucleus instead of DNA?

A

RNA.

RNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

Honors Biology (4 decks)

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