PROTEIN MAIN Flashcards by floofy doggo

an amino acid that contains one amino group and two carboxyl groups, the second carboxyl group being part of the side chain

Polar acidic

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most abundant substances in nearly all cells

PROTEINS

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what class of amino acids do these belong: D,E

Polar acidic

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account for about __% of a cell’s overall mass and for almost half of a cell’s dry mass

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a standard amino acid needed for protein synthesis that must be obtained from dietary sources because the human body cannot synthesize it in adequate amount

ESSENTIAL AA

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average nitrogen content of proteins

15.4%

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ESSENTIAL / NON:
R*,H,M,I,L,K,W,T,F,V

ESSENTIAL

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typical human cell contains about how many different kinds of proteins

9 000

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Synthesized by the body

NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

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the human body contains about how many different proteins

100 000

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ESSENTIAL / NON:
C,A,N,D,E,Y,S, Q,G,P

NON-ESSENTIAL

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a naturally occurring, unbranched polymer in which the monomer units are amino acids

PROTEINS

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a protein that contains all of the essential amino acids in the same relative amounts in which the body needs them

COMPLETE DIETARY PROTEIN

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an amino acid in which the amino group, the carboxyl group and the hydrogen atom are attached to the a-carbon atom

a-amino acid

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a protein that does not contain adequate amounts, relative to the body’s needs, of one or more of the essential amino acids

INCOMPLETE DIETARY PROTEIN

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TRUE / FALSE:
All amino acids are alpha-amino acids except Valine (an imino acid) since the side chain is not free but attached to the amino group

FALSE, PROLINE

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an essential amino acid that is missing, or present in inadequate amounts, in an incomplete dietary protein

LIMITING AMINO ACID

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CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS

1) Nonpolar amino acid
2) Polar neutral
3) Polar basic
4) Polar acidic

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two or more incomplete dietary proteins that, when combined, provide an adequate amount of all essential amino acids relative to the body’s needs

COMPLEMENTARY DIETARY PROTEINS

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an amino acid that contains one amino group, one carboxyl group, and a nonpolar side chain

Nonpolar amino acid

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pure form of amino acids

white crystalline solids with relatively high decomposition points

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what class of amino acids do these belong: G,A,V,L,I,P,F,M,W

Nonpolar amino acid

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TRUE / FALSE:
most amino acids are not very soluble in water because of strong intermolecular forces within their crystal structures

TRUE

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an amino acid that contains one amino group, one carboxyl group, and a side chain that is polar but neutral

Polar neutral

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a molecule that has a positive charge on one atom and a negative charge on another atom, but which has no net charge

Zwitterion

what class of amino acids do these belong: S,C,N,T,Q,Y

Polar neutral

net charge on a zwitterion is?

ZERO

an amino acid that contains two amino groups and one carboxyl group, the second amino group being part of the side chain

Polar basic

in a sol'n three diff aa forms can exist namely?

- zwitterion - nega ion - posi ion

what class of amino acids do these belong: H,K,R

POLAR BASIC

an example of this protein is insulin

MULTIMERIC PROTEIN

important pH value, relative to the various forms an amino acid can have in a solution

ISOELECTRIC POINT

a protein in which only amino acid residues are present

SIMPLE PROTEIN

pH at which an aa exist primarily in its zwitterion form

ISOELECTRIC POINT

a protein that has one or more non-amino acid entities present in its structure in addition to one or more peptide chains

CONJUGATED PROTEIN

formed by a biochemical reaction that extracts a water (H2O) molecule as it joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a neighboring amino acid

Peptide bonds

include substances formed from simple conjugated proteins

DERIVED PROTEIN

another term for Peptide bond

AMIDE BOND

Protein whose molecules have an elongated shape with one dimension much longer than the others

FIBROUS

a covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

PEPTIDE BOND

Tend to have simple, regular and linear structures

FIBROUS

TRUE / FALSE: The smallest group of amino acids have nonpolar side chains

FALSE, LARGEST

Molecular weights are high and its function is for structural and support (class of proteins based on shape)

FIBROUS

TRUE / FALSE: cysteines are the only amino acids capable of forming covalent bonds

TRUE

molecules have peptide chains that are folded into spherical or globular shapes

GLOBULAR

TYPES OF PEPTIDE BOND

1) Dipeptide 2) Tripeptide 3) oligopeptide 4) Polypeptide

most of amino acids with hydrophobic side chains (nonpolar R groups) are in the interior of the molecules and most of the hydrophilic side chains (polar) are on the outside of the molecule

GLOBULAR

type of peptide w/ 2 or more amino acids

Dipeptide

Soluble in aqeous media, Have been crystallized and have definite molecular weights and can be denatured

GLOBULAR

type of peptide w/ 3 or more amino acids joined together in a chain

Tripeptide

occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in total calories

Kwashiorkor

type of peptide w/ 10 or 20 amino acid residues are present in a chain

oligopeptide

frequently seen in children after weaning at about one year of age, when their diet consists predominantly of carbohydrates

Kwashiorkor

type of peptide w/ longer unbranched chain of amino acids

Polypeptide

Typical symptoms include stunted growth, edema, skin lesions, depigmented hair, anorexia, enlarged fatty liver, and decreased plasma albumin concentration

Kwashiorkor

TSH meaning

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

state some typical symtpoms of Kwashiorkor

stunted growth edema skin lesions depigmented hair anorexia enlarged fatty liver decreased plasma albumin concentration

primary structure of a protein

amino acid sequence

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS

1) NUMBER OF PEPTIDE CHAIN 2) CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 3) BASED ON SHAPE

occurs when calorie deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in protein

Marasmus

usually occurs in children younger than 1 year of age when breast milk is supplemented with watery gruels of native cereals that are usually deficient in protein and calories

Marasmus

sub class of NUMBER OF PEPTIDE CHAIN

MONOMERIC PROTEIN MULTIMERIC PROTEIN

a protein in which only one peptide chain is present

MONOMERIC PROTEIN

Typical symptoms include arrested growth, extreme muscle wasting (emaciation), weakness, and anemia

Marasmus

an example of this protein is myoglobin

MONOMERIC PROTEIN

amyloid plaque caused by accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ)

Alzheimer disease

state some typical symtpoms of Marasmus

arrested growth extreme muscle wasting (emaciation) weakness anemia

a protein in which more than one peptide chain is present

MULTIMERIC PROTEIN

The peptide chains present are called protein subunits

MULTIMERIC PROTEIN

when patient digests too much cyanide and may cause the blood to turn into a chocolate-like colored substance

methemoglobinemia / chocolate cyanosis

a peptide containing 40–42 amino acid residues, which are nonbranching fibrils of Beta pleated sheet

amyloid β (Aβ)

Alzheimer disease is when there is an amyloid plaque caused by accumulation of?

amyloid β (Aβ)

accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons

Alzheimer disease

accumulation of insoluble, long, fibrillar protein assemblies consisting of β-pleated sheets caused by abnormal proteolytic cleavage

Amyloidosis

prion protein (PrP or PRNP) has been strongly implicated as the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Prion disease

Prion disease in humans

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Prion disease in sheep

scrapie

Prion disease in cattle

bovine spongiform encephalopathy / mad cow disease

type of CJD where there is a mutation in PRNP gene at the 200th codon, causing conversion of glutamic acid to lysine

Familia CJD

Types of CJD

1) Familia CJD 2) Variant CJD 3) Iatrogenic CJD 4) Sporadic CJD

increased concentration of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

type of CJD where eating cow’s meat with prion protein

Variant CJD

type of CJD where it is caused by medical procedure (exx. Corneal transplant)

Iatrogenic CJD

type of CJD w/ no clear cause but spontaneous mutation in the 129th codon of the PRNP gene causing replacement of valine to methionine

Sporadic CJD

TSE meaning

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

cannibalism of infected flesh (like fatal familial insomnia caused by mutation of PRNP gene at the 178th codon replacing aspartic acid with asparagine)

kuru disease