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Biology Genetics > Protein biosythesis: Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Protein biosythesis: Transcription and Translation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a codon?

A

a row of three bases coding for an amino acid

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

the lenght of DNA coding for one protein

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3
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

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4
Q

What is mRNA?

A

a copy of DNA, as DNA can’t leave the nucleus
RNA is another type of nucleic acid

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5
Q

Which sugar does DNA/RNA contain?

A

DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose

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6
Q

How many strands does RNA have compared to DNA

A

single-stranded (DNA double stranded)

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7
Q

Which base does DNA/RNA have?

A

RNA: uracil
DNA: thymine

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8
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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9
Q

How many amino acids are essential, and what does this term mean?

A

9, they have to be taken in through food

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10
Q

What is the first step of protein biosynthesis?

A

Transcription

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11
Q

What is Transcription?

A

the process of copying DNA

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12
Q

Describe Transcription

A

“DNA descripted in a message”
happens in nucleus
RNA-polymerase connects complimentary RNA nucleotides to DNA (hydrogen bonds) when hydrogen bonds break: single stranded mRNA
mRNA travels out of nucleus to ribosomes

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13
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

the process of forming a protein using DNA

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14
Q

What does a ribosome?

A

helps to build protein

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15
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

transfer ribonucleic acid

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16
Q

Describe tRNA

A

carries an amino acid on it, amino acid= building block for a protein, “delivering an amino acid to ribosome docking bay” –> docks to mRNA using the help of complementary bases (three at once; codon)

17
Q

Describe Translation

A

in the ribosome, tRNA that is carrying an amino acid docks onto mRNA using codons, tRNA leaves, amino acid stays, remaining is an amino acid chain making up a protein

18
Q

What are introns?

A

segments of the DNA NOT coding for a protein - removed during RNA-splicing, make up 95% of genes (old name: junk-DnA)

19
Q

What are exons?

A

nucleotide sequences with a coding function (average human gene: 8 exons)

20
Q

What is RNA- splicing?

A

process during which introns are removed from mRNA, exons remain: mature mRNA

21
Q

What is mature mRNA?

A

just exons, no introns

22
Q

Why do we have introns?

A

only eukaryotes have introns
make new combination of exons easier; new combination of exons means new combination of genes–> evolution
introns help with gene expression: if they are removed artificially genes don’t work properly anymore

Biology Genetics (5 decks)

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