Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BVetMed3 - PMVPH > Protein And Energy Imbalances In Ruminants > Flashcards

Protein And Energy Imbalances In Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

What factors affect productivity?

A

Genetics

Feeding - Diet

Environment

Management

Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most expensive part of cow management?

A

Feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What rumen pH is ideal?

A

Neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can a neutral pH be maintained in the rumen?

How can this be facilitated?

A

Saliva acts as a buffer

Produced by chewing and ruminating.
Therefore need a comfortable environment and enough time.

Needs fibre in diet 2-4cm in length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why does dietary fibre need to be 2-4 cm in length?

A

Below that, doesn’t stimulate rumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long does a cow need to lie down for per day?

What could disturb this?

A

14 hours/day

Feeding, cleaning, milking - cows are moved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is meant by the term “time budget”

A

Amount of time cows spend doing things key things

E.g. eating, ruminating etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can you assess cow comfort?

A

Observe cows undisturbed in straw yards or cubicles

60% should be lying down/ruminating

1 hour before feeding (when they are disturbed) 85% should be lying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between nutrition and feeding?

A

Nutrition = what they are fed

Feeding = what they actually eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When may feeding not equal nutrition?

A

If the food isn’t palatable/ fresh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can trough space affect feeding?

How much trough space is needed per cow?

A

Each cow needs enough space, at least 60cm per cow

If not, cows will not get access to equal amounts of feed

Sometimes 1st lactation heifers are bullied by other cows and pushed to the back of the queue if limited feeding space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Other than space per cow, how can the trough affect feeding?

A

Physical condition of the trough - sharp or rough edges

Cleanliness - is fresh food put on old food? NEEDS TO BE CLEARED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How should water be presented to cows?

A

Plenty of CLEAN water

Enough space around the trough

high enough flow rate

Clean trough

Cool (in summer)

Correct TDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do water troughs need to be big?

A

Cows like to drink in groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is DMI a measure of?

A

Dry matter Intake

How much the cows are actually eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can you estimate the required dry matter intake for a milking dairy cow?

When can’t this estimate be used?

A

2.5% of body weight plus 1% of milk yield

DRY COWS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What should you look for when assessing feed on farm?

A

Does it smell bad?

Is it mouldy?

Is it too soggy/dry?

Are the cows eating it?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a key benefit of feeding a TMR?

A

Don’t have temporary acidosis caused by just feeding carbs

Feed forage and concentrates together

19
Q

What potential issues are associated with feeding TMR?

A

Sorting - cows only eat carbs because they taste better

Fibre length not long enough to stimulate rumen

20
Q

What issues can occur as a result of a hole in a silage pit?

A

Silage should be anaerobic

When air enters - Secondary fermentation of silage and heating

SPOILED - not palatable, lower nutritional value

Moulds can produce mycotoxins

21
Q

What feeding problems should you look for when on farm?

A

Insufficient feeding space
Rough edges of troughs, rails
Extremes of hot, cold, rain, light
Slippery floors

Self feeding from silage face
Very tight packed silage
Electric fences

22
Q

What issues are associated with self feeding from silage faces?

A

Food can collapse on heads

Hard to pull out silage

BAD

23
Q

What mistakes are commonly made regarding grazing?

A

Overestimating the value of grazed grass - quality is variable and difficult to assess. Long, dry summers =
POOR

Bloat from clover rich pastures

Magnesium deficiency

24
Q

How can grazing issues be reduced?

A

Buffer feeding

Silage/hay/TMR to supplement grass
Prevents over eating of hungry cows

25
Q

What is the ideal milk fat percentage?

A

4.2%

26
Q

What dietary factors affect milk fat percentage?

A

FIBRE LEVEL

If concentrate:fibre is more than 60:40, milk fat will drop significantly

Acetate:proprionate ratio

Spring grass can be low in fibre

27
Q

What condition is associated with low bulk milk fat?

What issues are associated with using this as the only method of diagnosis?

A

SARA

Different groups within herd may have different milk fat- can hide low individual percentages

28
Q

What is the ideal milk protein percentage?

A

3.4%

29
Q

What causes milk protein percentage to drop?

How long does this take to correct?

A

Drop in long term ENERGY intake
(NOT LACK OF PROTEIN)

Needs to be slowly built up

30
Q

How is dung scored

A

1-5

From loose and watery to stiff

31
Q

When might a score 1 stool be observed

A

(Loose and watery)

If given high concentrates

32
Q

Describe the ideal cow shit.

A

Slow hand clap,

Doesn’t stick to boots

33
Q

What should you do when BCSing cows?

A

Compare condition at different phases of the cow’s life cycle

  • dry cows
  • freshly calved
  • 2-4 weeks post calving
  • late lactation
34
Q

What is the transition period?

A

Critical 6 weeks either side of calving

35
Q

What can problems in the transition period result in?

A

Poor feed intake (DMI) post calving

Metabolic disease - ketosis, fatty liver, fat cow, LDA

Poor production

Poor fertility (won’t cycle properly)

36
Q

What should the BCS of a dry cow be throughout the dry period?

A

BCS 3 or slightly lower

NEEDS TO STAY THE SAME

37
Q

Why shouldn’t you make cows lose weight during the dry period?

A

Causes excess fat mobilisation making fatty liver etc more likely

38
Q

When could you reduce the weight of cows

A

Reduce food a bit in LATE LACTATION

39
Q

How can dry cows be divided into groups?

How should they be fed differently?

A

Transition cows - 14 days before calving to calving - SAME DIET DIFFERENT QUANTITIES

Far off cows - dry off until 14 days before calving

40
Q

What are metabolic profiles?

What do they tell us?

A

Planned regular blood tests that look at the number of metabolites in normal healthy cows in the herd.

How well cows are handling the diet OBJECTIVELY

41
Q

When should metabolic profiles be done?

A

On a regular, planned basis
4 times a year at crucial times

After Spring turn out

Mid/late Summer (variable pasture quality)

After housing

Late in winter housing period

42
Q

Other then the 4 planned times, when else might you do a metabolic profile?

A

After MAJOR DIET CHANGES

Need to wait 10 days to allow cows to adjust

43
Q

What cows should be sampled for metabolic profiling ?

A

Normal, healthy cows

NOT sick, unhealthy cows or ‘poor doers’

Sample 6 from:
Early lactation (10-20d post calving)
Mid lactation (100-200d post calving)
Dry cows (within 14d calving- transition)
44
Q

What common errors are made when performing metabolic profiles?

A

Sampling cows calved more than 20d

Failure to include lactation 1 cows in each group

Sampling immediately after diet change

Including poor or problem cows

BVetMed3 - PMVPH (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions