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BVetMed3 - PMVPH > Mastitis - Clinical Presentation > Flashcards

Mastitis - Clinical Presentation Flashcards

1
Q

How is the milk different in clinical and subclinical mastitis?

A

Clinical - can see clots

Subclinical - only know when perform CMT/ assess cell counts

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2
Q

When does most infection which results in mastitis occur?

A

During the dry period

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3
Q

What may be responsible for mastitis which is seen in the first 50 days of milking?

A

Infection in dry period

Either only noticed when cows brought inside, or less able to fight infection due to metabolic demands of milking

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4
Q

What are the two broad categories of sources of bacteria which can cause mastitis?

A

Contagious

Environmental

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5
Q

How can poor cubicles lead to increased rate of mastitis?

A

Cows will lie down in passageways

Udders come into contact with more faeces

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6
Q

Which bacterial causes of mastitis are more ‘opportunistic’ ?

A

E. coli
Strep uberis
Strep dysgalactiae

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7
Q

Which bacterial causes of mastitis are more ‘host adapted’ ?

A

Strep agalactiae
Staph aureus
Strep dysgalactiae

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8
Q

Where might klebsiella be found?

A

Likes wet conditions - leaking water troughs

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9
Q

What factors affect the presentation of mastitis?

A

Host
Environment
Agent

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10
Q

Why should you be cautious of low reported levels of mastitis on farm?

A

suggests poor farm detection

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11
Q

How can lower cell counts benefit milk?

A

Makes it last longer

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12
Q

When is there a new case of mastitis in the same cow which has previously had mastitis?

A

in DIFFERENT quarter

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13
Q

How can mastitis affect the quality and quantity of milk?

A

Quantity - loss of actual and potential

Quality - residues from antibiotics/analgesics
- High SCC - financial penalty

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14
Q

How can the milking process increase the risk of mastitis?

How can you minimise this risk?

A

If vacuum too extreme, or milking too long

Teat canal can ‘pop out’ resulting in keratosis

More susceptible to infection

PRE-STRIP and prep before milking

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15
Q

Describe the basic progression of events which results in clinical mastitis.

A

Exposure to pathogen

Entry in the teat and mammary gland

Establishment of infection

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16
Q

What is ALWAYS seen in clinical mastitis?

A

Changes in the milk

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17
Q

Describe GRADE 1 clinical mastitis

A

Milk change only (clots, more serous)

Decreased milk yield

18
Q

Describe GRADE 2: acute clinical mastitis

A

Milk changes, changes in UDDER, milk yield decreases

19
Q

Describe GRADE 2: chronic clinical mastitis

A

Same as grade 2 acute, but persistent changes
- decreased number of functional alveoli result in decreased yield
(+milk changes, changes in udder)

20
Q

Describe GRADE 3 clinical mastitis

A

Same as grade 2 (decreased yield, milk changes, udder changes)
+ SYSTEMIC sick cow

21
Q

What are the bacterial causes of acute clinical mastitis?

A

Strep uberis
E. coli
Staph aureus
coagulase negative staph

(Strep a and dys galactiae) LESS IMPORTANT

22
Q

What may you observe in a cow with subclinical mastitis?

What would additional testing reveal?

A

Reduced milk yield

Positive CMT
Increased SCC

23
Q

How do you perform a CMT?

A 
Wipe teats
Pre-strip 
Sample from each quarter (REMEMBER WHICH WELL WHICH)
Add equal volume reagent 
Assess results - more viscous = POSITIVE
24
Q

CMT: Why do you need to wipe the teat first?

A

To prevent dirt falling into the wells and affecting results

25
Q

CMT: Why do you need to pre-strip before testing?

A

Prevent false positives

Stagnant milk has an increased SCC

Makes test more specific

26
Q

CMT: What should you look for before adding the reagent ?

A

Clots in milk and general appearance (is it serous etc.?)

27
Q

CMT: How does the reagent interact with cells to give a positive result?

A

Dissolves membrane and releases DNA

Sticky and firm viscosity = POSITIVE

28
Q

What are the main causes of chronic/subclinical mastitis?

A

Staph aureus
Strep uberis
Strep agalactiae ?
Corynebacterium bovis

29
Q

Other than CMT, how can milk be assessed?

A

Electrical conductivity

In-line SCC

Spectroscopy

30
Q

How can electrical conductivity of milk indicate mastitis?

A

Increased conductivity = mastitis

Increased sodium and chloride ions

31
Q

What history should be taken when investigating mastitis?

A 
Duration
Development 
Stage of lactation/gestation
Age
Treatment and its response 
Previous episodes
SCC from NMR
Other cases in herd?
Records?
32
Q

What clinical exam should be carried out for suspected mastitis?

A

Systematic clinical exam

Udder exam

  • inspection
  • palpation - udder, teat canal, cistern
  • lymph nodes

Milk exam
Milk sample - CMT

33
Q

How should you treat mastitis?

A

Antibiotic - systemic/ intramammary

Oxytocin - drain milk - increase milk let down - flush

NSAIDS - pain relief

Corticosteroids - potentially for inflammation

34
Q

Why do you need to be careful when giving intramammary antibiotics?

A

DRY COW antibiotics have MUCH LONGER withdrawal period

DONT MIX THEM UP

35
Q

What does your choice of antibiotic depend on?

A 
Sensitivity 
Pharmacokinetics 
Availability 
Costs 
Herd history
36
Q

What should be given to cows suffering from toxic mastitis?

A

Fluid therapy - cows cant get to water trough
Calcium
Dextrose

37
Q

When would you culture for cases of mastitis?

A

Recurrent cases
Persistent infection
Rise in SCC

Need to treat BEFORE results come back

38
Q

What milk sampling can be performed?

A

Bulk tank sample
Pooled sample of one cow
Individual quarter sample

39
Q

How do you perform an individual quarter sample?

A 
Clean udder
Swab teat end (until no more dirt comes off)
2 pre-strips
2 ml in sterile container 
Label name, cow’s number and quarter
40
Q

Why might some cultures return sterile?

A

S aureus doesn’t culture easily

BVetMed3 - PMVPH (8 decks)

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