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BVetMed3 - PMVPH > Control Of Mastitis > Flashcards

Control Of Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between individual and bulk milk SCCs?

A

Individual - milk from individual
- CMT

Bulk - done automatically by dairy on ALL milk received from farm

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2
Q

What is meant by the term: contagious mastitis?

What type of mastitis does it tend to cause?

A

Organisms prefer to live IN UDDER and teat skin
Most spread is from cow to cow and quarter to quarter at milking

Often cause subclinical infection

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3
Q

What type of mastitis does strep uberis cause?

A

Contagious AND environmental - can be associated with straw bedding

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4
Q

Why is staph aureus a tricky cause of mastitis?

A

Resistant to many antibiotics

Can be intracellular

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5
Q

How could minor pathogens be beneficial?

A

Low level infections may stop others invading

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6
Q

How does Environmental mastitis occur?

How does it present?

A

Bacteria live in the environment and sporadically gain entry to the udder.

Either rapidly eliminated or cause VERY SERIOUS mastitis

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7
Q

How long is the dry period?

A

Around 56 days

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8
Q

What does mastitis in the first 100 days of lactation imply?

A

Picked up in the dry period

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9
Q

How can environmental pathogens cause mastitis?

A

Contact with dirty environment

Milking

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10
Q

What environmental organisms may cause mastitis?

A

E Coli
Strep uberis
Klebsiella
Coliforms

(Bacillus cereus, fungi and yeast)

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11
Q

When might you suspect that Bacillus cereus is causing mastitis?

A

Cows fed brewers grains

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12
Q

When might you expect fungi and yeast to cause mastitis?

A

Usually after prolonged antibiotics

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13
Q

What cells are normally found in milk?

A

Somatic cells

— inflammatory cells
— Epithelial cells

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14
Q

When are epithelial cells high in milk?

A

Towards the end of lactation

Immediately after calving

ALWAYS PRESENT

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15
Q

When do inflammatory cells in milk increase?

A

BACTERIAL INFECTION

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16
Q

What cell counts indicate clinical and subclinical infection?

A

Clinical - millions per ml

Subclinical- more than 200 000 per ml

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17
Q

Describe the spread of subclinical mastitis.

A

Subclinical infection tends to go undetected and survive in a quarter for long periods

Causes prolonged mildly elevated SCC in that quarter

Spreads at milking time to other quarters/cows
MANY QUARTERS INFECTED

18
Q

What does a high bulk tank SCC indicate?

A

High number of subclinical infections

High proportion of quarters infected

HIGH PREVALENCE of mastitis

19
Q

What is the target bulk milk somatic cell count ?

A

less than 100,000 per ml

20
Q

At what bulk milk SCC would you want to intervene?

A

More than 150 000 per ml

21
Q

How can you control contagious causes of mastitis?

A 
Control spread at milking
Eliminate reservoirs of infection 
— dry cow therapy 
— culling 
— identify subclinically infected cows using individual cell counts

FIVE POINT PLAN

22
Q

What is the five point plan?

A

Prompt detection and treatment of clinical cases

Post milking teat dip

Dry cow therapy

Cull persistent offenders

Regular servicing and maintenance of milking machine

23
Q

How can you carry out ‘prompt detection and treat emend of clinical cases’?

A

Detection in parlour:
— stripping milk before, looking for clots and watery/serous milk
- also flushes out bacteria and aids milk let down
— strip milk into strip cup so doesn’t splash back and spread infection
— GOOD PARLOUR HYGIENE
- individual paper towels, one per cow
- wear gloves and CHANGE them

24
Q

Why is it important to keep cows standing after milking?

How can this be achieved?

A

After milking, teat orifice remains open for 30-40 mins — want to wait for them to close.

Feeding after milking

25
Q

How can post milking teat dips be administered?

A

Dip cup
Spray
Automatic exit systems

26
Q

What are some examples of post milking teat dips?

A

Chlorhexidine
Quarternary Ammonium compounds
Chlorine based
Iodophors

27
Q

What are the two main types of dry cow therapy?

A

Long acting antibiotics

Teat sealant

28
Q

What are the aims long acting antibiotics in dry cows?

A

Remove existing sub clinical infections during dry period

Prevent further infections getting established during the dry period (e.g E. coli)

29
Q

How are long acting antibiotics administered?

Why might this be problematic?

A

All quarters infused with a long acting (4 weeks) antibiotic at last milking

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

30
Q

What is teat sealant?

A

Inert substance infused into teat canal which blocks it

Prevents bacteria entering during the dry period

31
Q

How should teat sealant and antibiotic be given?

A

ANTIBIOTIC FIRST, massage in

Then sealant, leave in teat canal

32
Q

When should teat sealant not be used?

A

Active clinical mastitis

Will seal in infection

33
Q

What should be remembered when giving teat sealant and antibiotics?

A

Hygiene must be excellent
Teat dip must be used beforehand
RECORD AND MARK to prevent cow getting milked by accident

FOLLOW WITHOLDING TIME and 96 hour post calving milk discard rule

34
Q

When should cows with mastitis be culled?

A

3 clinical cases or more during one lactation

Persistent high individual SCC which does not respond to treatment

35
Q

How could you avoid culling unless completely necessary ?

A

Separate problem cows from the rest of the herd.
Can work on curing them and make sure they wont infect rest of herd.

Milk them separately at the END

36
Q

What is the role of the rubber liner in a milking machine?

A

Liner opens and closes to massage teat - otherwise would get painful as constant vacuum applied to teat end

37
Q

Why is it important to change liners?

A

Can get cracked and harbour bacteria

Only part of machine that comes into contact with cow udder

38
Q

What is a consequence of vacuum fluctuations in the milking machine?

A

Can cause retrograde movement of milk into teat canal

Milk from other quarters could get forced up - spread infection

39
Q

How can you control environmental mastitis?

A

Control the environment

Parlour factors - teat preparation, clean and dry at time of applying milking cluster

40
Q

What environmental factors can help reduce risk of mastitis?

A

Cubicles correct size

Comfortable bedding, not damp/mouldy

BVetMed3 - PMVPH (8 decks)

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