Protein Flashcards
What are hormones?
Regulatory substance that carries a signal from to generate some alteration at cell level – this could include cytokines
What are endocrine hormones?
Hormones synthesised and released from specific gland which interact with receptors on a distant target cell
How is 1st generation of insulin produced?
A & B chains expressed by different E. Coli clones, purified then combined – oxidation forming disulphide bonds
What are some different forms of insulin?
fast (short; Lispro), intermediate, slow (long) – acting; super-potent
what is human growth hormone?
Polypeptide mitogen (191aa) produced by pituitary
What do BP cytokines do?
Bind to specific cell surface receptors, triggering intracellular signals
What is a advantage of BP cytokines?
enhance immune response against infectious agents and cancer, stimulate RBC production, wound healing, counter neurodegeneracy
What is a disadvantage of BP cytokines?
Overproduction can be problematic – antagonise with monoclonal antibodies, soluble receptors
What are interferons secreted from?
virus-infected cells - prevents superinfection
What are the three classes of interferons?
IFN alpha (α), beta (ß) [type I – same receptor] & gamma (γ) [type II].
What are the effects of interferons?
cell resistance to viruses, immuno-modulation, growth & differentiation
What are some type 1 interferons?
antiviral (chronic hepatitis B & C, HPV), anticancer immune response (NK, T cells), relapsing MS
What are some type 11 interferons?
macrophage activation against invading microbes, intracellular pathogens, tumour cells, increase MHC expression
What are interleukins involved in?
normal/malignant cell growth, all immune responses, inflammation regulation
What is IL-2 (T cell growth factor) Aldesleukin used t treat?
metastatic melanoma and kidney cancer
What does IL-2 act to stimulate?
tumour detection and destruction
What is IL-11?
a haemopoetic growth factor produced in bone marrow. Induces megakaryocyte platelet synthesis.
What is Oprelvekin used to treat?
thrombocytopenia (low thrombocytes/platelets) seen in some conditions and chemotherapy
What is haemopoesis?
where bone marrow stem cells differentiate into blood cells & platelets
Where is Erthropoetin produced?
In CHO cells
What does Darbepoetin do?
alters amino acid seqs
What are some blood products?
Clotting factors, immunoglobulins
What are some recombinant products?
Coagulation (factor VII), anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents
What is haemostasis?
rapid prevention of blood loss following vascular damage to maintain blood volume
How many blood clotting factors does the coagulation cascade rely on?
13
What is Desmopressin?
a hormone that releases stored Factor VIII in cases of mild haemophilia
What does Factor VII polypeptide associate with?
Von Willebrand Factor in blood plasma to stabilise
What does lack of functional Factor IX cause?
Haemophilia B
Name three common anticoagulants?
Heparin, warfarin and hirudin
What does hirudin do?
Binds thrombin causing inactivated impeding clotting
What are blood clots enzymically degraded by?
fibrinolysis
What is a natural thrombolytic enzyme?
Tissue plasminogen activator
What chromatography is preferred for BP purification?
Affinity chromatography
What does affinity chromatography do?
Separate protein by their binding specificities
Where is gene inserted in an expression vector?
Downstream of a promoter
What are excipients?
Substances that usually bulk out/dilutes active BP
What are excipients used for?
To correct concentration
