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Introduction to Biopharmaceuticals & Gene Therapy > Protein > Flashcards

Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Regulatory substance that carries a signal from to generate some alteration at cell level – this could include cytokines

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2
Q

What are endocrine hormones?

A

Hormones synthesised and released from specific gland which interact with receptors on a distant target cell

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3
Q

How is 1st generation of insulin produced?

A

A & B chains expressed by different E. Coli clones, purified then combined – oxidation forming disulphide bonds

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4
Q

What are some different forms of insulin?

A

fast (short; Lispro), intermediate, slow (long) – acting; super-potent

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5
Q

what is human growth hormone?

A

Polypeptide mitogen (191aa) produced by pituitary

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6
Q

What do BP cytokines do?

A

Bind to specific cell surface receptors, triggering intracellular signals

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7
Q

What is a advantage of BP cytokines?

A

enhance immune response against infectious agents and cancer, stimulate RBC production, wound healing, counter neurodegeneracy

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8
Q

What is a disadvantage of BP cytokines?

A

Overproduction can be problematic – antagonise with monoclonal antibodies, soluble receptors

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9
Q

What are interferons secreted from?

A

virus-infected cells - prevents superinfection

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10
Q

What are the three classes of interferons?

A

IFN alpha (α), beta (ß) [type I – same receptor] & gamma (γ) [type II].

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11
Q

What are the effects of interferons?

A

cell resistance to viruses, immuno-modulation, growth & differentiation

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12
Q

What are some type 1 interferons?

A

antiviral (chronic hepatitis B & C, HPV), anticancer immune response (NK, T cells), relapsing MS

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13
Q

What are some type 11 interferons?

A

macrophage activation against invading microbes, intracellular pathogens, tumour cells, increase MHC expression

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14
Q

What are interleukins involved in?

A

normal/malignant cell growth, all immune responses, inflammation regulation

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15
Q

What is IL-2 (T cell growth factor) Aldesleukin used t treat?

A

metastatic melanoma and kidney cancer

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16
Q

What does IL-2 act to stimulate?

A

tumour detection and destruction

17
Q

What is IL-11?

A

a haemopoetic growth factor produced in bone marrow. Induces megakaryocyte platelet synthesis.

18
Q

What is Oprelvekin used to treat?

A

thrombocytopenia (low thrombocytes/platelets) seen in some conditions and chemotherapy

19
Q

What is haemopoesis?

A

where bone marrow stem cells differentiate into blood cells & platelets

20
Q

Where is Erthropoetin produced?

A

In CHO cells

21
Q

What does Darbepoetin do?

A

alters amino acid seqs

22
Q

What are some blood products?

A

Clotting factors, immunoglobulins

23
Q

What are some recombinant products?

A

Coagulation (factor VII), anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents

24
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

rapid prevention of blood loss following vascular damage to maintain blood volume

25
Q

How many blood clotting factors does the coagulation cascade rely on?

A

13

26
Q

What is Desmopressin?

A

a hormone that releases stored Factor VIII in cases of mild haemophilia

27
Q

What does Factor VII polypeptide associate with?

A

Von Willebrand Factor in blood plasma to stabilise

28
Q

What does lack of functional Factor IX cause?

A

Haemophilia B

29
Q

Name three common anticoagulants?

A

Heparin, warfarin and hirudin

30
Q

What does hirudin do?

A

Binds thrombin causing inactivated impeding clotting

31
Q

What are blood clots enzymically degraded by?

A

fibrinolysis

32
Q

What is a natural thrombolytic enzyme?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator

33
Q

What chromatography is preferred for BP purification?

A

Affinity chromatography

34
Q

What does affinity chromatography do?

A

Separate protein by their binding specificities

35
Q

Where is gene inserted in an expression vector?

A

Downstream of a promoter

36
Q

What are excipients?

A

Substances that usually bulk out/dilutes active BP

37
Q

What are excipients used for?

A

To correct concentration

Introduction to Biopharmaceuticals & Gene Therapy (4 decks)

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