Antibodies and Vaccines Flashcards
What is antibody mediated immunity basis of?
Specific immune response
By what two processes are antigens recognised by the host?
byB cells and their surface antibodies
By T cell receptor on T cells
What do antibodies on surface of B cells recognise?
Tertiary structure of proteins
What antigens do T cells require?
Antigens degraded by APC
What is a epitope?
A small site on an antigen to which a complimentary antibody may specifically bind
What do the heavy chains on a antibody determine?
Subclass of each antibody
What is the major immunoglobulin class released in serum?
IgG
What does antiserum refer to?
The blood from immunized host from which the clotting proteins and RBCs have been removed
What are hybridomas?
Will produce many copies of the identical antibody
What are monoclonal antibodies?
A homogenous population of antibodies (monoclonal) raised by a fusion of B lymphocytes with immortal cell cultures to produce hybridomas
What do vaccinations do?
Mobilize the host immune system to prevent virus infections
What are active vaccine?
Instilling into the recipient a modified form of the pathogen or material derived from it that induces immunity to disease
What is a passive vaccine?
Instilling the products of the immune response (antibodies or immune cells) into the recipient
What are the requirements of an effective vaccine?
Induction of an appropriate immune response
Vaccinated individual must be protected against disease caused by a virulent form of the specific pathogen
Safety: no disease, minimal side effects
Induce protective immunity in the population
Protection must be long-lasting
Low cost; genetic stability; storage considerations; delivery
What does subunit vaccines involve?
Break virus into components, immunize with purified components
What are advantages of a modern subunit vaccine?
Recombinant DNA technology
No viral genomes or infectious virus
What are disadvantages of a modern subunit vaccine?
Expensive
Injected
Poor antigenicity
What a re common problems with inactivated and subunit vaccines?
Viral proteins don’t replicate or infect
Don’t send out ‘danger signal’ to the immune response
Pure proteins often require adjuvant to mimic inflammatory effects of infection
What do adjuvants do?
Stimulate early processes in immune recognition
Produce a more robust acquired immune response with less antigen
What a re some new vaccine technologies?
microneedle patch
thermostabilization in silk (sugars)
What do correlates of protection reflect?
A statistical relation between an immune marker and protection (from disease)
What do correlates predict?
Protection for new settings and describe the data requirements for rigorous validation of an immunological measurement at each level
