Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Animal Feeds and Nutrition > Protein > Flashcards

Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Organic Acids, composed of CHONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many AA are found in proteins?

A

21, all essential for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four classifications of amino acids?

A

Neutral, Acidic, Basic, Imino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three types of neutral amino acids?

A

Aliphatic, Aromatic, Sulfur-containing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is denaturation and how is it caused?

A

Loss of structure
Caused by heat, UV light or chemical damage
Could help digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Maillard reaction (browning)?

A 
When protein and carbs form a complex
Caused by excess heat
Analyzed as ADIN
On toast or crust of bread
Indigestible`
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three tissues that protein is a part of?

A

Collagen- connective
Elastin- tendons and arteries
Keratin- hair, horns, hooves, wool, feathers, and nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 5 types of nonstructural proteins?

A 
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Transport proteins
Carbon skeleton used for energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is true protein?

A

protein composed of only AA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is nonprotein nitrogen?

A

compounds not true protein in nature but contains nitrogen that can be converted to aA by microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Crude Protein?

A

protein composed of true protein and NPN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you analyze protein?

A

Kjeldahl Method
Analyzed for N, protein is approximately 16% nitrogen
(N x 6.25= CP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is apparent digestible protein?

A

portion of dietary protein that animal apparently digested and absorbed
kg protein intake- kg protein feces
assumes all protein in feces is indigestible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True Digestible Protein

A

portion of dietary protein actually digested and absorbed

kg intake- (kg protein in feces- kg metabolic fecal protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Protein Quality

A

refers to the amount and ratio of essential AA present in a dietary protein relative to animals requirements
Low Quality: deficient in one or more amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Biological Value

A

Relationship of protein retained to protein absorbed (n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bio Value Equation

A

BV= Nret = Ni-(Fn +Un) x100

Nabs Ni-Fn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protein Efficiency Ratio

A

comparison of protein sources using feeding trial to determine gain per unit of protein consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PER Equation

A

PER= BW gain

Protein Consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dietary Essential Amino Acids

A

required in the diet b/c the animal doesn’t synthesize sufficient quantities to meet its requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

not required b/c animal can synthesize but still needed in protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are all the dietary essential amino acids (private tim hall)

A 
PHE- Phenylalanine
VAL- Valine
TRP- Tryptophan
THR- Threonine
ISO- Isoleucine
MET- Methionine
HIS- HIstidine
ARG- Arginine
LEU- Leucine
LYS- Lysine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the limiting EAA?

A

The EAA present in the least amount relative to the animal’s requirement.
Species specific
Not necessarily the one in the least quantity
Usually lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you find the percentage that an amino acid in a food meets the animals requirement?

A

Supply/ Required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Soybean Meal % CP
51-55% CP
26
What is wrong with uncooked raw soybean meal?
Contains trypsin inhibitor that interferes with digestion | Need to heat to denature inhibitor before feeding
27
Which EAA is soybean meal high in?
LYS- Lysine
28
Cottonseed meal %CP
40-54%
29
What are two downsides to feeding cottonseed meal?
low in lysine | contains gossypol witch monogastrics can't break down
30
Linseed (flax) meal %CP
38% CP
31
What two amino acids are present in low quantities in linseed meal?
Lysine and tryptophan
32
What is the max inclusion rate for animal products?
5-10% for nonruminants only
33
What EAA's are animal-based products high and low in?
High in lysine | Deficient in SAA and TRP
34
Fish meal %CP
68-77% CP
35
What type of diets are fish meal included in?
Mainly in non ruminant diets (very costly) | Max inclusion rate is <5% due to high Ca an to avoid fishy taste
36
What is the biological value of fishmeal?
excellent protein quality | high in B-complex vitamins
37
Meat meal CP%
54%
38
What are the downsides to feeding meat meal alone?
lower protein quality than fish meal | Deficient in tryptophan
39
Meat and bone meal CP%
54%
40
What minerals are meat and bone meal high in?
Higher in Ca and P than just meat meal
41
Tankage CP%
64%
42
What is tankage made up of?
Mostly connective tissue
43
What occurs when there is a protein deficiency?
``` decrease in feed intake abdominal ascites decrease disease resistance decrease productive functions eventual death ```
44
What happens with a protein toxicity?
``` Decrease in feed intake dull, coarse hair coat decrease productuve functions increase blood, tissue ammonia Eventual death ```
45
What are the 4 steps of protein digestion in monogastrics?
true protein > chemical and auto enzymatic digestion > amino acids > absorption
46
What digestive steps happen in the stomach?
Pepsinogen uses HCL to activate and turn into Pepsin
47
What digestive processes occur in the SI?
In pancreatic juice, enzymes activate: Trypsinogen > trypsin Chymotrisinogen > Chymotrypsin Procarboxypeptidase > carboxypeptidase
48
What do the specific enzymes in pancreatic juice do to amino acids?
Hydrolyze peptide bonds between specific amino acids
49
Which amino acids does trypsin hydrolyze?
LYS and ARG
50
Which amino acids does chymotrypsin hydrolyze?
TRP, PHE and TYR
51
Which amino acids does carboxypeptidase hydrolyze?
Terminal free carboxyl group
52
What three things to proteins change into?
dipeptides, tripeptides, free amino acids
53
What does the small intestine contain?
dipeptidase and tripeptidase, it releases more free amino acids
54
How are free amino acids absorbed?
``` active transport (requires energy) absorption rates are different ```
55
Why do the differences in rate of absorption of amino acids affect the cells?
All amino acids must be present in the cell for protein synthesis to occur
56
What is the process call of absorbing full protein and when does it occur?
phagocytosis, only occurs in certain newborn mammals (1-2 days after birth)
57
What is whole protein absorption beneficial?
allows absorption of antibodies (immunoglobulins) from colostrum variable transfer of antibodies in utero
58
What do amino acids metabolize into?
Carbon skeletons > kreb's cycle to make ATP and CO2, NH4 is a by-product
59
Why don't ruminants have a dietary need for EAA?
Their microbes can convert nonprotein nitrogen into EAA's
60
What are the steps of protein digestion in a ruminant?
true protein > microbial fermentation > chemical digestion > amino acids > absorption
61
What are carbs converted to during the change of NH3 to microbial cells
VFA's with CO2 and CH4 as biproducts
62
How much percent of protein escapes bacterial breakdown in rumen?
40%
63
What happens to the other 60% of protein in rumen?
Broken down to ammonia and then turned into fermentable energy for the bacteria which then gets digested as a protein source
64
Urea, what is it and who should you feed it to?
``` Only feed to ruminants 42-45% Nitrogen Balance for S and P Change over gradually so microbes have time to adjust Need to thoroughly mix to avoid toxicity ```
65
What proportion should urea be fed?
not more than 1/3 of N in diet | not more than 1% of a concentrate diet
66
What is taurine and who needs it?
Cats need it! Sulfur amino acid Abundant in fish, birds and small rodents
67
What function does taurine have?
Aids in vision and cardiac function
68
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
DNA genetic information in all cells template for RNA in process called transcription
69
What is messenger ribonucleic acid?
mRNA contains information from DNA template to synthesize protein in process called translation

Animal Feeds and Nutrition (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions