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Animal Feeds and Nutrition > Protein > Flashcards

Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Organic Acids, composed of CHONS

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2
Q

How many AA are found in proteins?

A

21, all essential for protein synthesis

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3
Q

What are the four classifications of amino acids?

A

Neutral, Acidic, Basic, Imino

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4
Q

What are the three types of neutral amino acids?

A

Aliphatic, Aromatic, Sulfur-containing

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5
Q

What is denaturation and how is it caused?

A

Loss of structure
Caused by heat, UV light or chemical damage
Could help digestion

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6
Q

What is the Maillard reaction (browning)?

A 
When protein and carbs form a complex
Caused by excess heat
Analyzed as ADIN
On toast or crust of bread
Indigestible`
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7
Q

What are the three tissues that protein is a part of?

A

Collagen- connective
Elastin- tendons and arteries
Keratin- hair, horns, hooves, wool, feathers, and nails

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8
Q

What are 5 types of nonstructural proteins?

A 
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Transport proteins
Carbon skeleton used for energy
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9
Q

What is true protein?

A

protein composed of only AA

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10
Q

What is nonprotein nitrogen?

A

compounds not true protein in nature but contains nitrogen that can be converted to aA by microbes

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11
Q

What is Crude Protein?

A

protein composed of true protein and NPN

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12
Q

How do you analyze protein?

A

Kjeldahl Method
Analyzed for N, protein is approximately 16% nitrogen
(N x 6.25= CP)

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13
Q

What is apparent digestible protein?

A

portion of dietary protein that animal apparently digested and absorbed
kg protein intake- kg protein feces
assumes all protein in feces is indigestible

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14
Q

True Digestible Protein

A

portion of dietary protein actually digested and absorbed

kg intake- (kg protein in feces- kg metabolic fecal protein)

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15
Q

Protein Quality

A

refers to the amount and ratio of essential AA present in a dietary protein relative to animals requirements
Low Quality: deficient in one or more amino acids

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16
Q

Biological Value

A

Relationship of protein retained to protein absorbed (n)

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17
Q

Bio Value Equation

A

BV= Nret = Ni-(Fn +Un) x100

Nabs Ni-Fn

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18
Q

Protein Efficiency Ratio

A

comparison of protein sources using feeding trial to determine gain per unit of protein consumed

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19
Q

PER Equation

A

PER= BW gain

Protein Consumed

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20
Q

Dietary Essential Amino Acids

A

required in the diet b/c the animal doesn’t synthesize sufficient quantities to meet its requirements

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21
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

not required b/c animal can synthesize but still needed in protein synthesis

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22
Q

What are all the dietary essential amino acids (private tim hall)

A 
PHE- Phenylalanine
VAL- Valine
TRP- Tryptophan
THR- Threonine
ISO- Isoleucine
MET- Methionine
HIS- HIstidine
ARG- Arginine
LEU- Leucine
LYS- Lysine
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23
Q

What is the limiting EAA?

A

The EAA present in the least amount relative to the animal’s requirement.
Species specific
Not necessarily the one in the least quantity
Usually lysine

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24
Q

How do you find the percentage that an amino acid in a food meets the animals requirement?

A

Supply/ Required

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25
Q

Soybean Meal % CP

A

51-55% CP

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26
Q

What is wrong with uncooked raw soybean meal?

A

Contains trypsin inhibitor that interferes with digestion

Need to heat to denature inhibitor before feeding

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27
Q

Which EAA is soybean meal high in?

A

LYS- Lysine

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28
Q

Cottonseed meal %CP

A

40-54%

29
Q

What are two downsides to feeding cottonseed meal?

A

low in lysine

contains gossypol witch monogastrics can’t break down

30
Q

Linseed (flax) meal %CP

A

38% CP

31
Q

What two amino acids are present in low quantities in linseed meal?

A

Lysine and tryptophan

32
Q

What is the max inclusion rate for animal products?

A

5-10% for nonruminants only

33
Q

What EAA’s are animal-based products high and low in?

A

High in lysine

Deficient in SAA and TRP

34
Q

Fish meal %CP

A

68-77% CP

35
Q

What type of diets are fish meal included in?

A

Mainly in non ruminant diets (very costly)

Max inclusion rate is <5% due to high Ca an to avoid fishy taste

36
Q

What is the biological value of fishmeal?

A

excellent protein quality

high in B-complex vitamins

37
Q

Meat meal CP%

A

54%

38
Q

What are the downsides to feeding meat meal alone?

A

lower protein quality than fish meal

Deficient in tryptophan

39
Q

Meat and bone meal CP%

A

54%

40
Q

What minerals are meat and bone meal high in?

A

Higher in Ca and P than just meat meal

41
Q

Tankage CP%

A

64%

42
Q

What is tankage made up of?

A

Mostly connective tissue

43
Q

What occurs when there is a protein deficiency?

A 
decrease in feed intake
abdominal ascites
decrease disease resistance
decrease productive functions
eventual death
44
Q

What happens with a protein toxicity?

A 
Decrease in feed intake
dull, coarse hair coat
decrease productuve functions
increase blood, tissue ammonia
Eventual death
45
Q

What are the 4 steps of protein digestion in monogastrics?

A

true protein > chemical and auto enzymatic digestion > amino acids > absorption

46
Q

What digestive steps happen in the stomach?

A

Pepsinogen uses HCL to activate and turn into Pepsin

47
Q

What digestive processes occur in the SI?

A

In pancreatic juice, enzymes activate:
Trypsinogen > trypsin
Chymotrisinogen > Chymotrypsin
Procarboxypeptidase > carboxypeptidase

48
Q

What do the specific enzymes in pancreatic juice do to amino acids?

A

Hydrolyze peptide bonds between specific amino acids

49
Q

Which amino acids does trypsin hydrolyze?

A

LYS and ARG

50
Q

Which amino acids does chymotrypsin hydrolyze?

A

TRP, PHE and TYR

51
Q

Which amino acids does carboxypeptidase hydrolyze?

A

Terminal free carboxyl group

52
Q

What three things to proteins change into?

A

dipeptides, tripeptides, free amino acids

53
Q

What does the small intestine contain?

A

dipeptidase and tripeptidase, it releases more free amino acids

54
Q

How are free amino acids absorbed?

A 
active transport (requires energy)
absorption rates are different
55
Q

Why do the differences in rate of absorption of amino acids affect the cells?

A

All amino acids must be present in the cell for protein synthesis to occur

56
Q

What is the process call of absorbing full protein and when does it occur?

A

phagocytosis, only occurs in certain newborn mammals (1-2 days after birth)

57
Q

What is whole protein absorption beneficial?

A

allows absorption of antibodies (immunoglobulins) from colostrum
variable transfer of antibodies in utero

58
Q

What do amino acids metabolize into?

A

Carbon skeletons > kreb’s cycle to make ATP and CO2, NH4 is a by-product

59
Q

Why don’t ruminants have a dietary need for EAA?

A

Their microbes can convert nonprotein nitrogen into EAA’s

60
Q

What are the steps of protein digestion in a ruminant?

A

true protein > microbial fermentation > chemical digestion > amino acids > absorption

61
Q

What are carbs converted to during the change of NH3 to microbial cells

A

VFA’s with CO2 and CH4 as biproducts

62
Q

How much percent of protein escapes bacterial breakdown in rumen?

A

40%

63
Q

What happens to the other 60% of protein in rumen?

A

Broken down to ammonia and then turned into fermentable energy for the bacteria which then gets digested as a protein source

64
Q

Urea, what is it and who should you feed it to?

A 
Only feed to ruminants
42-45% Nitrogen
Balance for S and P
Change over gradually so microbes have time to adjust
Need to thoroughly mix to avoid toxicity
65
Q

What proportion should urea be fed?

A

not more than 1/3 of N in diet

not more than 1% of a concentrate diet

66
Q

What is taurine and who needs it?

A

Cats need it!
Sulfur amino acid
Abundant in fish, birds and small rodents

67
Q

What function does taurine have?

A

Aids in vision and cardiac function

68
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

DNA
genetic information in all cells
template for RNA in process called transcription

69
Q

What is messenger ribonucleic acid?

A

mRNA
contains information from DNA
template to synthesize protein in process called translation

Animal Feeds and Nutrition (4 decks)

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