Minerals Flashcards
What are the 5 macrominerals?
Calcium- Ca
Phosphorus- P
Potassium- K
Sodium- Na
Magnesium- Mg
What are the 8 trace minerals?
Cobalt- Co
Copper- Cu
Iron- Fe
Iodine- I
Manganese- Mn
Molybdenum- Mo
Selenium- Se
Zinc- Zn
Adequate Ca & P depends on?
-Adequate supply of both
Suitable Ratio (2:1) (Ca:P)
Adequate Vitamin D, required to absorb Ca and P from small intestine
What are the functions of Ca? (4)
Structural Component of Bone Crystals
Required for blood Clotting
Required for muscle contraction
Required for nerve impulse conduction
Whate are the two types of Ca deficiency?
Skeletal Lesions- rickets, osteomalacia
Acute form- tetany and death
What are the affects of a Ca toxicity?
Hypercalcemia- calcification of soft tissue
Excess dietary Ca decreases absorption of P and Zn
What are the 3 functions of Phosphorus?
More funcitons than any other element
Structural component of bone crystals
Component of phospholipids in cell membranes and transport vehicles
Helps maintain acid/basis and osmotic balance in the cell
What happens when an animal has a Phosphorus toxicity?
Very rare
Excess P causes a decrease in Ca absorption
Leads to Ca deficiency
Usually seen as a Ca deficiency
What is oxalic acid?
An oxalate
It forms insoluble complexes with Ca
Reduces absorption of Ca
If there is a chronic intake, can cause renal failure
Phytic Acid
Forms insoluble complees with P (phytate-P)
In corn germ, 90% of P is bound in phytate-P
Causes reduced absorption
Found in reproductive plant parts
How are soaps formed?
Excess quanities form insoluble complexes with Ca
Decreased absorption
What are some good sources of Ca?
Limestone (34% Ca)
Bone Meal (30.7% Ca)
Dicalcium Phosphate (22% Ca)
What are three good sources of phosphorus?
Sodium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate (19.3%)
Bone Meal (12.9% )
What ratio of Ca:P do you want?
2:1
What common feed is a very bad source of Ca and P? Why?
Wheat bran .11:1
Inverse relationship, very bad
Whate are 3 funtions of Magnesium?
Component of bone crystals
Enzyme activator/cofactor, especially with CHO energy metabolism
Involved in nerve and muscle contraction
What are the affects of a chronic and acute Magnesium deficiency?
Acute- incoordination, convulsions, death
(grass tetany)
Chronic- skeletal lesions
How do animals contract grass tetany?
Eating new grasses that are very high in magnesium
Muscles contract involuntary
What is a magnesium toxicity?
depressed muscle and nerve functions
decrease in Ca and P absorption
(looks like deficiency)
What three minerals have common functions, including helping maintain acid/base and water balance?
Na, Cl, K
What are 3 functions of just Na and K?
Nerve impulse conduction
Muscle contraction
Nutrient Absorption from SI
What is the main function of Cl?
Protein digesiton in stomach (HCl)
What are the affects of a chronic and acute deficiency of Na and K?
Chronic- decreased growth rate and production, weight loss and thrifty appearance
Acute-excessive loss via sweating and diarrhea, can be fatal
What ocurrs when there is a Na and K toxicity?
Water retention, Edema
Osmotic balance thrown off
What is the function of sulfur?
Component of cystine, cysteine and methionine (SAA)
Component of thiamin and biotin
How is a sulfur deficiency seen?
As a protein deficiency.
What is the function of manganese?
Structural component of bone crystals (like Ca, P and Mg)
Enzyme cofactor required to synthesize bone matrix
Manganese Deficiency
Slip tendon
The bone becomes deformed and the tendon slips off
Iron Function
Heme iron-component of oxygen carrier, hemoglobin
Component of many enzymes especially enymes involved in energy metabolism
Iodine Toxicity?
Diarrhea, vomitting
Copper deficiency
loss of coat color
deformities in offspring
Cobalt function and deficiency
Structural componenet of Vitamin B12
- nothing happens in monogastrics
- In ruminant animals, it causes a B12 deficiency so you see those signs
Zinc Function
Enzyme cofactor required for nucleic acid synthesis
Component of insulin
Deficiency of Zinc
Dermatitis, parakeratosis
Poor hair, wool and feather growth
What happens with a zinc toxicity?
vomitting
Molybdenum function and excess
- Aides in purine metabolism
- Excess interferes with Cu activation of enzymes, anemia and diarrhea
Selenium Function
Component of the enzyme glutathionine peroxidase which is part of antioxidant system
Helps protect lipids from oxidative destruction (anitoxidant)
Selenium Deficiency
Only need .1 ppm
Animal gets nutritional muscular dystrophy
Geographical Selenium Excess
In certain parts of the US, there is a mass amount of selenium in the soil
In these areas the plants contain over 50 ppm
Very bad in some plants that are slenium leachers
Farmers need to avoid those plants in their rangeland areas
What are some other trace elements? (10)
Chromium- Cr
Flourine- Fl
Silicon- Si
Nickel- Ni
Vanadium- Vd
Tin- Sn
Arsenic- Ar
Lead- Pb
Cadmium- Cd
Mercury- Hg
