Minerals Flashcards by Ellen Payton

What are the 5 macrominerals?

Calcium- Ca

Phosphorus- P

Potassium- K

Sodium- Na

Magnesium- Mg

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What are the 8 trace minerals?

Cobalt- Co

Copper- Cu

Iron- Fe

Iodine- I

Manganese- Mn

Molybdenum- Mo

Selenium- Se

Zinc- Zn

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Adequate Ca & P depends on?

-Adequate supply of both

Suitable Ratio (2:1) (Ca:P)

Adequate Vitamin D, required to absorb Ca and P from small intestine

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What are the functions of Ca? (4)

Structural Component of Bone Crystals

Required for blood Clotting

Required for muscle contraction

Required for nerve impulse conduction

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Whate are the two types of Ca deficiency?

Skeletal Lesions- rickets, osteomalacia

Acute form- tetany and death

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What are the affects of a Ca toxicity?

Hypercalcemia- calcification of soft tissue

Excess dietary Ca decreases absorption of P and Zn

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What are the 3 functions of Phosphorus?

More funcitons than any other element

Structural component of bone crystals

Component of phospholipids in cell membranes and transport vehicles

Helps maintain acid/basis and osmotic balance in the cell

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What happens when an animal has a Phosphorus toxicity?

Very rare

Excess P causes a decrease in Ca absorption

Leads to Ca deficiency

Usually seen as a Ca deficiency

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What is oxalic acid?

An oxalate

It forms insoluble complexes with Ca

Reduces absorption of Ca

If there is a chronic intake, can cause renal failure

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Phytic Acid

Forms insoluble complees with P (phytate-P)

In corn germ, 90% of P is bound in phytate-P

Causes reduced absorption

Found in reproductive plant parts

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How are soaps formed?

Excess quanities form insoluble complexes with Ca

Decreased absorption

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What are some good sources of Ca?

Limestone (34% Ca)

Bone Meal (30.7% Ca)

Dicalcium Phosphate (22% Ca)

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What are three good sources of phosphorus?

Sodium phosphate

Dicalcium phosphate (19.3%)

Bone Meal (12.9% )

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What ratio of Ca:P do you want?

2:1

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What common feed is a very bad source of Ca and P? Why?

Wheat bran .11:1

Inverse relationship, very bad

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Whate are 3 funtions of Magnesium?

Component of bone crystals

Enzyme activator/cofactor, especially with CHO energy metabolism

Involved in nerve and muscle contraction

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What are the affects of a chronic and acute Magnesium deficiency?

Acute- incoordination, convulsions, death

(grass tetany)

Chronic- skeletal lesions

How do animals contract grass tetany?

Eating new grasses that are very high in magnesium

Muscles contract involuntary

What is a magnesium toxicity?

depressed muscle and nerve functions

decrease in Ca and P absorption

(looks like deficiency)

What three minerals have common functions, including helping maintain acid/base and water balance?

Na, Cl, K

What are 3 functions of just Na and K?

Nerve impulse conduction

Muscle contraction

Nutrient Absorption from SI

What is the main function of Cl?

Protein digesiton in stomach (HCl)

What are the affects of a chronic and acute deficiency of Na and K?

Chronic- decreased growth rate and production, weight loss and thrifty appearance

Acute-excessive loss via sweating and diarrhea, can be fatal

What ocurrs when there is a Na and K toxicity?

Water retention, Edema

Osmotic balance thrown off

What is the function of sulfur?

Component of cystine, cysteine and methionine (SAA) Component of thiamin and biotin

How is a sulfur deficiency seen?

As a protein deficiency.

What is the function of manganese?

Structural component of bone crystals (like Ca, P and Mg) Enzyme cofactor required to synthesize bone matrix

Manganese Deficiency

Slip tendon The bone becomes deformed and the tendon slips off

Iron Function

Heme iron-component of oxygen carrier, hemoglobin Component of many enzymes especially enymes involved in energy metabolism

Iodine Toxicity?

Diarrhea, vomitting

Copper deficiency

loss of coat color deformities in offspring

Cobalt function and deficiency

Structural componenet of Vitamin B12 - nothing happens in monogastrics - In ruminant animals, it causes a B12 deficiency so you see those signs

Zinc Function

Enzyme cofactor required for nucleic acid synthesis Component of insulin

Deficiency of Zinc

Dermatitis, parakeratosis Poor hair, wool and feather growth

What happens with a zinc toxicity?

vomitting

Molybdenum function and excess

- Aides in purine metabolism - Excess interferes with Cu activation of enzymes, anemia and diarrhea

Selenium Function

Component of the enzyme glutathionine peroxidase which is part of antioxidant system Helps protect lipids from oxidative destruction (anitoxidant)

Selenium Deficiency

Only need .1 ppm Animal gets nutritional muscular dystrophy

Geographical Selenium Excess

In certain parts of the US, there is a mass amount of selenium in the soil In these areas the plants contain over 50 ppm Very bad in some plants that are slenium leachers Farmers need to avoid those plants in their rangeland areas

What are some other trace elements? (10)

Chromium- Cr Flourine- Fl Silicon- Si Nickel- Ni Vanadium- Vd Tin- Sn Arsenic- Ar Lead- Pb Cadmium- Cd Mercury- Hg