Protein Flashcards
Acid–Base Balance
The process of achieving, or the state of, equilibrium between acidic and alkaline molecules.
Amino Acids
The organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.
second-most abundant molecule in fat-free bodily tissues
protein
role of protein
acid–base balance, energy production, cell signaling, and nutrient transport
what elements form the amino acids?
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)
how many amino acids are needed in the body?
20
five components of amino acid structure
a central carbon, a carboxyl group (organic acid – COOH), a hydrogen, an amino group (NH2), and a side chain (R group).
Essential Amino Acid (EAA)
Amino acids that are necessary for bodily functions but cannot be synthesized by the body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet.
Branched Chain Amino Acid
The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) which are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branch-like structure.
Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
Amino acids that are not typically essential, but can become essential during times of extreme dietary insufficiency, illness, or trauma.
nonessential amino acids list
Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Serine
conditionally essential amino acids list
Arginine
Cysteine
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Tyrosine
essential amino acids list
Histidine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
branch chain amino acid list
Isoleucine
Leucine
Valine
Gluconeogenesis
A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.
Glucogenic amino acids
amino acids that can have their carbon backbone converted to glucose by the process of gluconeogenesis, or they can be converted to an intermediate compound that may enter the Krebs cycle directly
Ketogenic amino acids
amino acids that may become acetoacetate (a ketone body) or acetyl-CoA prior to entering the Krebs cycle for the generation of ATP.
Glucogenic amino acid list
Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Cysteine
Valine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Arginine
Histidine
Methionine
how many glucogenic amino acids are there?
13
ketogenic amino acid list
Leucine
Lysine
how many ketogenic amino acids are there?
2
Glucogenic or Ketogenic amino acid list
Tyrosine
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Protein Synthesis
Process of joining amino acids with peptide bonds to form proteins.
Dehydration Synthesis
The joining of two large molecules by removing one hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group (OH) from another molecule and then binding the two larger molecules together on the newly freed bonds.
How are nonessential amino acids made?
They’re made by breaking other amino acid or nitrogen-containing compounds apart, and then reusing the components.
In order to make tyrosine, you need to eat enough ______
Phenylalanine
Can your body store amino acids?
No
Proteins are part of every bodily fluid except……
Bile and urine
Plant sources of complete protein
Quinoa and soy
_______ and ________ help muscles contract to make your body move
Actin and myosin
What amino acid helps keep blood vessels open?
L-arginine
What amino acid is part of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Tyrosine
What amino acid is needed for serotonin?
Tryptophan
______ is a protein that helps transport oxygen in blood to body cells
Hemoglobin
Kwashiorkor
A form of protein deficiency that results in muscle loss, failure to grow, lower immunity, increased risk for disease, and weakened respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Marasmus
A type of severe protein energy malnutrition that causes a debilitating amount of muscle loss and often death
What does the body do with excess protein?
It breaks down and converts into body fat or glycogen for energy storage. It’s nitrogen containing components are removed and excreted through urine by the kidneys
Which amino acids are more limited in plant foods?
Cysteine
Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Beans are high in _______ but low in ________ and _________
Lysine, cysteine and methionine
Nuts, seeds and grains are high in ______ and ________ but limited in _________
Menthionine and cysteine, lysine
Rice is high in _________ but limited in _______
Methionine, lysine
Corn is high in _________ but is low in ______ and _______
Methionine, lysine and tryptophan
On labels, high protein =
10 g or more per serving
On labels, good source of protein =
5 to 9.9 g per serving
On a label, more/extra/plus protein =
At least 5 g *more per serving
On a label, fortified/enriched with protein =
At least 5g *more per serving
Sarcopenia
The progressive decline in muscle mass and strength that happens naturally with aging