Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RGU Exam 3 > Prostate Cancer > Flashcards

Prostate Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

At what PSA lvl should you start to worry?

A
  • Anything >4.0ng/ml
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Location of prostate cancer chart

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prostate cancer cases and deaths statistics

A
  • Prostate cancer estimated new cases in 2017 is #1 for all cancers
  • Prostate cancer estimated deaths in 2017 is #3 for all cancers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Males lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer

A
  • 1 in 6; ~16.7%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prevalence of prostate cancer among men 30-40

A
  • 29%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prevalence of prostate cancer among men 60-70

A
  • 64%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Percent of males who die from prostate cancer in the U.S.

A
  • 3.5%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer - Race

A
  • More common amoung African-American men
  • More likely diagnosed at advanced stage
  • 2x more likely to die of the disease
  • Less common in Asian-American and Hispanic-American men than non-Hispanic whites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer - Family History

A
  • 1st degree relatives, father, brother
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer - Age

A
  • Rare before 40; 65% over the age of 65
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer - Diet

A
  • Obesity and smoking
  • High in red meat and low in fruits/veggies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Finasteride for prostate cancer prevention

A
  • Found to reduce the risk of prostate cancer in low-risk disease; overall reduction was insignificant
  • 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, blocks intracellular conversion of testosterone to DHT
  • Reduced the incidence of prostate cancer (6% absolure; 25% relatvie risk reduction)

*reduced risk of Gleason <6

*slight increase of Gleason = 8-10

  • However, long-term f/u showed equivalent overall and CSS, whether they took 5ARI or not
  • FDA did NOT approve 5ARIs for prevention of PCA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Selenium and Vit. E for prostate cancer prevention

A
  • The selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT)
  • Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Vit. E and selenium, alone or in combo
  • Failed to demonstrate reduction in prostate cancer
  • Multiple other trials (Vit. C, soy, lycopene, and MVI) appear to be ineffective for prevention of PCa)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do reduce the risk of prostate cancer?

A
  • Don’t smoke
  • Lose weight
  • Eat less red meat
  • Eat plent of fruits and vegetables
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prostate cancer presentation

A
  • Most pts are asymptomatic

*since PSA screening: 75% PTs present asymptomatic localized disease

  • Most PCA diagnosed due to elevated PSA or abnormal DRE
  • Advanced cancer may present with:

*bone pain, unintentional weight loss, hematuria, worsening LUTS, urinary retention, hydronephrosis, LE weakness/leg numbness/difficulty w/ ambulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prostate cancer screening

A
  • Controversial
  • >90% of Pca detected by screening are organ-confined (not lethal)
  • Advantages

*may prolong survival and save lives

*save men from long painful death w/ little effective treatments available

  • Disadvantages

*overdiagnosis which leads to overtreatment

*potential decrease in QOL from treatment

17
Q

Indications for prostate biopsy

A
  • The decision to biopsy should be multifactorial: age, risk factors, symptoms and other clinical parameters
  • Pts w/ PSA lvls beyond age adjusted lvls (chart included)
  • Abnormal DRE - nodules and asymmetry
  • PSA density >0.15
  • PSA velocity (sudden increase in PSA)
  • % free PSA = lower % free PSA > risk of Pca
  • Other genomic testing and prostate MRI
18
Q

Pts. PSA last year was 3.0 ng/ml. This year = 4.2 ng/ml, + DRE. What is the next step?

A
  • 12 core prostate biopsy
19
Q

Gleason score

A
  • Grading system for prostate cancer testing
  • Grading is based on architectural pattern of the prostate gland
  • 2 most abundant patterns are graded 1-5
  • Score is reported as the most abundant grade plus the 2nd most abundant grade
  • The higher the grade and sum = worse prognosis (ie 4+3=7 worse than 3+4=7)
20
Q

What does the “grade” of prostate tumor mean?

A
  • Grade of a tumor is predictive of its likelihood to spread beyond confines of the prostate, affecting curability
  • 12% of low-grade tumors (2-4) spread beyond prostate in 10yrs
  • 33% of medium-grade tumors (5,6) spread beyond prostate in 10yrs
  • 61% of high-grade tumors (7-10) spread beyond prostate in 10yrs
21
Q

Prostate cancer metastasis

A
  • Spreads in a step-wise fashion

*prostate —> pelvic LNs —> spine —> pelvic bones

  • Risk of spread can be calculated using nomograms
  • Advanced disease can have direct invasion of rectum and bladder
22
Q

Prostate cancer staging

A
  • PSA lvl, DRE and biopsy pathology form the core components of clinical staging
  • CXR, bone scans and CT/MRIs do NOT play a standard role in staging

*usually ordered if PT high risk of mets or local spread to nodes/seminal vesicles (ie PSA > 20, Gleason score >8)

23
Q

Avg. doubling time of prostate tumor

A
  • 2-4 yrs

RGU Exam 3 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions