Prostaglandin Flashcards
Arachidonic acid can be converted into..
Leukotrienes and prostaglandins
Enzyme that catalyzes arachidonic acid into leukotrienes
Lipoxygenase
Enzyme that catalyzes arachidonic acid into prostaglandins
Cycloxygenase
Can can prostaglandins be converted into that are important for blood-clotting?
Thromboxanes and prostaglandins
What inhibits prostaglandins from being formed from arachidonic acids?
Aspirin and other NSAIDS
What are eicosanoids?
Prostaglandins and other related compounds (leukotrienes and thromboxanes)
How do eicosanoids differ from hormones?
Synthesized in cells
Act locally (vs systematically)
Extremely short half lives
Extremely small concentration to elicit a desired effect
Almost every cell can produce _________ and there are nearly thousands that elicit a multitude of physiological effects!
Eicosanoids
What type of eicosanoids do platelets produce? What do they do?
Thromboxane, they promote platelet aggregations and vasoconstriction.
Procoagulant
what’s an example of a Procoagulant?
Thromboxane
Synthesized by platelets
What eicosanoids do vascular epithelial cells synthesize? What do they do?
Prostacyclin, inhibit lately aggregation and stimulate vasodilation
What is an example of a anticoagulant?
Prostacyclin, synthesized by vascular endothelial cells
_________ produces arachidonic acids
Linoleic acid
What is the most common precursor of eicosanoids?
Arachidonic acid
What enzyme must be activated for the release of arachidonic acid?
Phospholipase A2
Synthesis of prostaglandins requires what two enzymes?
Lipoxygenase (for leukotrienes) and cyclooxygenase (for prostacyclin and thromboxanes)
What is the enzyme target of steroids?
Phospholipases A2, which produces arachidonic acid
What is the enzyme target of NSAIDS?
Cyclooxygenase, production of thromboxanes and prostacyclin (prostaglandins)
What is the most common NSAID?
Aspirin
What class of drugs are used to minimize inflammatory reactions (asthma attacks), reduce discomfort associated with inflammation, and promote gene level up-regulation of Phospholipases A2 inhibitor?
Glucocorticoids
All steroids have ______ __________ and therefore act at the level of ______ _________
Nuclear receptors, gene expression
COX
Cyclooxygenase
NSAIDS inhbit the ___________ ____ in formation of both _________ and ____________
Cyclooxygenase step, prostacyclins and thromboxanes
Aspirin inhibits both ________ and _______
COX1 and COX2
Leukotrienes are directly related to:
Asthma
By blocking the COX, due to ________, you open the pathway for _________
Aspirin (NSAIDS), Leukotrienes
By blocking the pathway through COX enzymes, leukotrienes are produced, inducing ________ ________
Asthmatic response
How does aspirin work?
Irreversibly inactivated COX by acetylation
Asprin is a ________ _________ of COX
Suicide inhibitor
Platelets have no ______ and cannot synthesize new ___________
Nucleus, COX
Aspirin inhibition persists for the life span of the _______, which is how long?
Platelets, 7-10 days
With the affect of aspiring, the platelets can no longer produce _________
Thromboxanes, due to no COX activity
Vascular endothelial cells have a ________ therefore can synthesize __________ and produce _________
Nucleus, COX, prostacyclin
Role of aspirin in those with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Reduce the risk of unwanted blood clotting
End result of aspirin
Inhibits pathway for thromboxane production
Creates a mild hemostatic defect
Reduces blood coagulation
